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Econ 3004 / 6039 Health Economics Week 5 Tutorial Solutions
发布时间:2022-08-30
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Econ 3004 / 6039 Health Economics*
Week 5 Tutorial Solutions
Question 1: Textbook Chapter 4, Q13.
Answer:
(a) No. The hazard rates are all expressed relative to the average birth weight group. The 100% hazard rate for the average birth weight group is a normalized rate for ease of comparison with other weight groups. In reality, among the average birth-weight group, their rates of the three diseases may di§er considerably.
(b) In the study, those born with unusually low birth weight su§er the three diseases at a higher rate than nurses with an average birth weight.
(c) The evidence supports the thrifty phenotype hypothesis, which predicts that individuals who are less healthy in utero will be less healthy in the adult- hood.
Question 2: Textbook Chapter 4, Q14.
Answer:
(a) The observation is that, whether it is at Eastville or Weston, nobles have a higher cancer rate than peasants.
(b) For nobles, the total number of cancers is
100 ' 50% + 900 ' 10% = 140,
and the population of nobles is 100 + 900 = 1000. Thus among the nobles, the cancer rate is 14%.
For peasants, the number of cancers is
100 ' 40% + 500 ' 8% = 440,
and the population of peasants is 1000+500 = 1500. Thus among the peasants, the cancer rate is 440 ÷ 1500 = 29.33%.
So when we look at the population of each SES group across the two towns, we can see that the cancer rate is much higher among peasants than among nobles.
(c) The reason of the contrast Öndings between (a) and (b) is that: most peasants live in Eastville, which, maybe due to a bad living environment (e.g. with a chemical-product plant nearby), is detrimental for health, while most no- bles live in Weston, which has a healthier environment. To help understanding, consider a more extreme situation:
Eatuwille wetusn
Population Cancer Rate Population Cancer Rate
Nobles 1 100% 100 10%
Peasants 1000 50% 1 0%
We can see that although it looks like that the nobles have a higher cancer rate in each town, across the two towns the peasants have a much higher cancer rate.
The result is consistent with the direct income hypothesis: the nobles are healthier because they can a§ord to live in a better situation.
(d)
Nobles Peasants
Simpsonís
Eatuwille wetusn Population Cancer Rate Population
![]()
c d
paradox implies that it can be
Cancer Rate
y
2
z > r; y > 2
but
az + cy br + d2
a + c b + d .
(e) If a = c, b = d, then we have
az + cy z + y
=
a + c 2 ,
br + d2 r + 2
=
b + d 2 .
Consequently, if z > r, y > 2, then
>
.
(f) Not in any studies that we have examined. The Simpsonís paradox sug- gests that we should be careful, and do not just look at small and disaggregated groups.
