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Financial Economics and Capital Markets Sketch Solutions Seminar 1
发布时间:2022-01-10
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Financial Economics and Capital Markets
Sketch Solutions
Seminar 1
Exercise 1
For a particular bond market, the following information is available on zero coupon bonds redeemable at a face value of £100:
Maturity |
Price |
Yield to maturity (YTM) |
1 year |
£95 |
? |
2 years |
£94 |
? |
3 years |
£88 |
4.35% |
Assume perfect capital markets, with no arbitrage opportunities and annual compounding.
a) Calculate the 1-year and 2-year yields to maturity.
Solution:
Define the yield to maturity for a zero-coupon bond
YTM1= (£100/£95) -1 = 5.26%
YTM2= (£100/£94)1/2 -1 = 3.14%
b) Determine the equilibrium market price of a bond redeemable at a face value of £100 in three years that pays a coupon of 8% annually.
Solution
Draw a timeline of the payoffs of the three years coupon bond
Explain the principle of bond arbitrage and show how to replicate the three years coupon bond using the zero coupon bonds. Compute P = £95 * 8/100 + £94 * 8/100 + £88 * 108/100 = £110.16
OR Define the price of a coupon bond and compute P=£8/(1+0.0526) + £8/(1+0.0314)2 + £108/(1+0.0435)3= £110.16
c) Show how to derive the yield to maturity of the bond studied in (b).
Solution
Define the yield to maturity of a coupon bond
Apply the formula to the bond in (b) to obtain £110.16 = 8/(1+y) + 8/(1+y)2 + 108/(1+y)3
Explain that the previous equation cannot be solved analytically.
d) If the bond studied in (b) was trading in the market at a price of £115.76, what arbitrage opportunities would be available to investors? Devise a
trading strategy that would generate risk-free profit.
Solution:
Define what an arbitrage opportunity is and how it can be exploited in bond markets.
In this case, the bond is trading at a price (£115.76) higher than its arbitrag e-free price (£110.16), explain that this means that arbitrage opportunities do exist in this market.
Define the following portfolio of bonds: 0.08 units of 1-year zero coupon bonds, 0.08 units of 2-year zero coupon bonds and 1.08 units of three-year zero coupon bonds. And explain that this portfolio matches the payoffs of the three years coupon bond.
Explain that the price of this portfolio of bonds can be computed using the prices of the zero-coupon bonds as P = 0.08 * £95 + 0.08 * £94 + 1.08 * £88 = £110.16
Define the following arbitrage strategy: buy the portfolio of zero- coupon bonds at £110.16 and sell them as a 3-year 8% coupon bond at a price of £115.76
This strategy guarantees a risk-free profit of £5.60, which is £115.76 (from the sale of the portfolio of bonds)-£110. 16 (from the purchase of the portfolio of zero coupon bonds) = £5.60
Exercise 2
Bond X and Y are two corporate bonds, bond X pays 8% coupon rate semiannually. Bond Y pays 20% coupon rate semiannually. Both bonds have 8 years to maturity and a £100.00 par value, and have an annual yield to maturity of 9 percent.
a) Compute the price of the two bonds
Solution
Define the price of a coupon bond as
Where
- y is the semiannual yield to maturity of a coupon bond and can be found from
(1 + y ) = (1 + EAR)0.5 which implies that y = (1+0.09)0.5 – 1 = 0.044
- N is the number of semesters, N = 8 *2 = 16
- FV = £100
- For Bond X: CPN = £4 twice per year, substituting Px = £ 95.47
- For Bond Y: CPN = £10 twice per year, substituting Py = £ 163.37
b) If the annual yield to maturity for the two bonds suddenly rises by 2%, what is the percentage price change of the two bonds?
Solution
Compute the new semiannual yield to maturity y = (1+0.11)0.5 – 1 = 0.0536.
Compute the new prices
Px = £ 85.63 and Py = £ 149.02
Compute the percentage price change of bond X
Compute the percentage price change for bond Y
c) What does this problem tell you about the interest rate risk (risk from unexpected changes of interest rates) of lower-coupon bonds?
Define the duration of a bond
Explain the result in point (b) imply that bond X has higher duration
Explain why bond X has higher duration
d) Suppose the Governor of the Bank of England announces that interest rates on short-term UK government bonds will rise next 8 years, and the market believes him. What will happen to today’s interest rate for these two 8-year corporate bond?
Solution
Explain the relation between short-term interest rates on government bonds and long-term interest rates on government bonds (expectation hypothesis), i.e. (1 + 8)8 = (1 +
1)(1 +
(
1)) …
Explain what happens to current long-term interest rates on government bonds if future short rates on government bonds are expected to rise.
Explain the relation between interest rates on government bonds and interest rates on corporate bonds
Conclude that the announcement determines an increase in current long term government bond yields and thus also an increase in the yields of the two corporate bonds.
Exercise 3
Assume that the annual interest rate on a one-year bond, y1, is 10% and the annual interest rate on a 2-year bond, y2, is 12%. Assume that those bonds do not pay coupons.
a) How much will you get if you invest £100 on the 2-year bond?
Solution
Draw the timeline of the investment
By investing £ 100 on the 2-year bond, you will get after 2 years £100 x (1 + y2) x (1 + y2) = £100 x (1 + 0.12) x (1 + 0.12) = £125.44
b) Today (Year 0) we agree that you will lend me £110 in Year 1, which I will pay back with interest in Year 2. The interest rate at which I will pay back the loan is called the forward rate (it is the interest rate agreed today on a loan to be made at some future date and which lasts some specified amount of time). You have £100 for a 2-year investment. Let f1,2 be the forward rate of the loan. Suppose that you invest £100 on the 1-year bond and then use the loan agreement for lending. How much will you get on the investment? (just give the expression)
Solution
Draw the timeline of the investment
After two years you get
£100x(1+ y1)x(1+ f1,2) = £100x(1+0.10)x(1+ f1,2 ) = £110x(1+ f1,2 )
c) What rate does the absence of arbitrage opportunities imply on the forward rate?
Solution
Explain that in the absence of arbitrage opportunities, the returns on the investments in a) and b) are identical.
This implies that
£100 x (1+ y1) x (1+ f1,2) =£100 x (1+ y2)2= £125.44 → f1,2 = 0.1404