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FNCE 30007 - Derivative Securities

FINAL EXAMINATION: Semester 1, 2022

QUESTION 1 [2+2+2+3+3+2 = 14 MARKS]

In  late  October 2021,  Steven A.  Smith, the portfolio manager  of the KGD  investment  fund, predicted a big downward correction in the Australian equity market. He, thus, decided to put the entire portfolio value, AUD 2.5 millions as of 30/10/2021, into short positions on a few dozen stocks listed on the ASX.

Below are some market information and performance statistics since the fund has taken the above mentioned large bearish bets:

Performance Measures

Return

Beta

Alpha

Dividend Yield

KGD Fund

7.40%

-0.91

0.60%

0%

ASX200 Spot

- 9.50%

1

0%

4. 10%

ASX200 Futures

- 9. 10%

1

0%

N.A

AUS Risk Free rate (current as of 30/04/2022):             1.25%

ASX200 Spot Level (April 30, 2022 close):       7,287

Note:

- The return and alpha refer to the 30/10/2021- 30/4/2022 period

- Dividend Yield and Risk free rate are per annum and continuously compounded

Correlation Matrix of Returns Annualized

ASX200 Spot

ASX200 Futures

KGD Fund

ASX200 Spot

1

ASX200 Futures

0.988

1

KGD Fund

-0.910

-0.920

1

Despite the actual downward movement in the market since he took the short positions, Steven A. still believes as of today, April 30 2022, that the ASX 200 will suffer further losses over the next two quarters. In facts, he expects the ASX 200 to generate a -5% return (including dividend yield) over the next six months, while he believes his portfolio will deliver the same alpha (0.60% over six months).   However, the investment committee (IC) of the KGD fund does not fully agree with him. Upon extensive discussions, the portfolio manager and the IC agree to keep the short positions but also to make the portfolio less sensitive to fluctuations in the overall equity market. Practically, they decide that an overall beta of -0.2 is adequate and that futures contracts on the ASX 200 are the appropriate tool to reach such goal.

The specs for index futures contract are reported below.

Based on the above information:

a)   What futures position should the KGD fund take to achieve the goal stated above? Explain your answer.

Note: you are not required to work out the number of contracts in this part of the question.

b)  What specific ASX200 futures contract (i.e., what maturity) should Steven A. choose? Explain your answer.

c)   From the KGD fund point of view, the ASX spot and futures markets present essentially no arbitrage opportunities. Assuming that futures contracts expire on the last day of the month, what futures price should Steven A. expect to trade at, if he puts the hedge in place today (30/04/2022) and for the next two quarters?

Show all your detailed workings and round to 4 decimal digits at each step

d)  How many futures contracts should Steven A. trade to reach the hedging goal stated above?

Show all your detailed workings and round the final answer to the nearest integer.

e)   With the above hedging strategy in place, what risks (if any) will the KGD fund be exposed to until expiration of the futures position? Explain your answer.

f)   The IC asks Steven A. what return the hedged portfolio is expected to earn during the hedging period. Given the hedging strategy you suggest above and given all the information provided, what should Steve A. expect to earn on his overall (i.e., hedged) position during the hedging period? Show all your detailed workings.

Note: you  can  assume that the riskfree rate  over the upcoming  six-months  is half of the annualized rate reported above (i.e, 1.25%/2 = 0.625%)

QUESTION 2 [3 MARKS]

As an arbitrageur in the FX market, you are checking the Australian Dollar (AUD) Indian Rupee (INR) pair.  As of today (31 May 2022), you observe a spot exchange rate of 55.91 INR per AUD. In Australia the risk-free rate is now at 3.50%, while in India is at 3.98%. Those interest rates are

per annum, with continuous compounding.

You see the following forward rates on your screen:

September 2022

November 2022

Rate

55.3505

56.0444

Is there an arbitrage profit opportunity? If so, how could you take advantage of it?

Note: Ignore transaction costs and assume the forward contracts expire at the of the respective month.

Show all your detailed workings and round to 4 decimal digits at each step.

QUESTION 3 [6 MARKS]

Celticoin, a heavily traded cryptocurrency, has a current price of $450 in the spot market. Jayson Tatum is offering his friend Marcus Smart the following deal : “If you pay me $3,000 today, in 2 months I will pay you a dollar for each dollar Celticoins spot price at that point in time is below its spot price now. Otherwise I will pay you nothing. Actually, you know what, if Celticoin in 2 months

is below where it is now, I will pay you the square of the difference! With T-bill rates at 2%, this

should be a no brainer for you.”

Marcus asks whether he can get his payoff at any time before the end of the 2 months in case the price of Celticoin drops significantly during the period. But Jayson replies No, the deal is that we need to wait until the end of the 2 months and, then, see whether I pay you something or nothing based on what the price of Celticoin is at that point”

Marcus, then, calls up his financial advisor, Al Horford, a well-known expert in cryptocurrencies. Horford believes that, in each of the next 2 months Celticoin could indeed go down and by a large amount, but given its high volatility, it may even go up, although not as much. When asked for numbers, Horford says Look, it may go down 15% every month but I think it could also go up by 10% each month!”

Taking into account Horford’s prediction, use the binomial pricing model (specifically a two-step tree) to assess whether the price Jayson proposes is a fair deal from Marcus’ point of view. You   can assume that Celticoin has zero storage cost and pays no yield.

Note: The T-Bill (i.e., risk-free) rate Jayson refers to is per annum, continuously compounded.

Show all your detailed workings and round to 4 decimal digits at each step.

QUESTION 4 [1+2+1=4 MARKS]

Given the relative lack of interest in silver in recent months, Joe Davola believes that silver price will continue to display low volatility in the coming months. Silver is trading at $35 in the spot   market and pays no yield.

a)   Given his beliefs, which one of the following strategies makes sense for Mr. Davola? Note: Please, choose only one strategy and explain the reasons for your choice

1.   A short (or, reverse) calendar spread

2.   A long strangle

3.   A Short straddle

4.   A Bear spread using Calls

b)  To implement the chosen strategy, Mr Davola is considering an at-the-money call option,     currently trading for an $8 premium, and an ATM put option with the same expiration as the call, which is available for a $5 premium.

Construct a table that shows the profit from the strategy you chose in a) above.

c)   For what range of stock prices would the strategy you chose in a) lead to a loss?

QUESTION 5 [4 MARKS]

Coco is enrolled at the University of Melbourne and has just completed Principles ofFinance where, among other things, she has learnt about the existence of the futures market. Coco has a better understanding of the spot market and she is not quite sure about how investments in the two markets would compare. Building on her knowledge from Principles, Coco would like to invest in the ASX 200, as a broadly diversified portfolio.   She approaches her friend Iga and asks her Should I consider investing in the ASX200 using index futures contracts? Would I get a better or worse return than if I invested through a passive index fund on the ASX?” Iga is also a student at Melbourne Uni and has successfully completed Derivative Securities.

Using her Derivatives expertise, Iga replies:   “Well, as long as you hold your, say, long futures position for a relatively short time so that interest rates do not change and the dividend yield does not change, then it doesn’t matter which one you choose: the return that you get from your index

futures position is going to match the excess return on the index fund over the same time period” . Would you agree with Iga’s argument? Why or why not?

NOTE: To answer the question you need to support your assessment with analytics Hint: Use the no-arbitrage relation between spot price and futures price. Ignore transactions costs and taxes.

QUESTION 6 [2+2 +1 = 5 MARKS]

Among several other hedging strategies, we have examined delta hedging.

a)   How would you characterize delta hedging?

b)  Next, explain how the concept is used in the option pricing models we considered in our subject.

c)   Finally, illustrate how delta hedging relates to the concept of risk neutral valuation.

QUESTION 7 [1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2+ 2 + 1=11 MARKS]

Jay Peterman has been closely watching the US corn market. Suzie and Elaine, Jay Peterman’s investment consultants, have recently estimated that the risk premium in the corn market is negative at 130 cents per bushel per month (with discrete compounding).

Today is June 15th, 2022. While watching his trading screen, Peterman sees the following:

Note 1: The decimal part of the price is quoted in eights. Youll need to translate it into cents. For instance, 724 2/8 means 724 + 2/8 = 724.25. Prices are per bushel.

Note 2: Assume that one can trade at the last recordedprices reported above.

Note 3: Show all your detailed workings and round to 4 decimal digits at each step for all calculations.

a)   Is the Corn futures curve upward sloping or downward sloping? Explain your answer

b)  Is Corn in Normal Contango or in Normal Backwardation? Justify your answer.

c)   Peterman would like to exploit the shape of the futures curve to capture a roll yield. Detail how he might do so in the corn market characterized by the above quotes.

d)  Is the roll yield you compute in c) above guaranteed? Why or why not?

e)   Based on the information above, what is the spot price of corn expected today for September (i.e., three months from today)?

f)   Assume the September contract expires exactly in three months and the risk-free rate of interest is 2% per year with discrete compounding and 1.9803% per year with continuous compounding. The storage fee for corn is 35 cents per bushel per quarter, payable at the end of each quarter. Focusing on the September futures, what annualized continuously compounded convenience yield, if any, is the market attributing to corn?

g)  Peterman is considering corn futures for hedging purposes as well. According to the hedging pressure hypothesis, should Peterman expect to earn the 130 cents per bushel risk premium? Why or why not?

h)  How would you interpret the current futures price of the July contract if there was no risk premium for corn?

QUESTION 8 [5+2+2 = 9 MARKS]

Steve Rogers owns 2,000 shares of CBA stock, listed on the ASX. Today is June 10, 2022 and    CBA is currently trading at $105 per share. Because of the current drop in the banking sector,      Steve is worried about further declines over the next 6 months. Steve is, thus, considering trading American put options on CBA with a strike of $100 to protect his position.

As a financial intermediary, you are willing to write the options to Steve. You expect the volatility of CBA to be 8% per month. Also, CBA is expected to pay a dividend of $2 in 3 months from       today and a dividend of $1.8 in 9 months from today. With the market expectation of increasing    cash rates, you expect the continuously compounded risk-free rate to increase from 0.5% p.a. to    1.5% p.a. in 4 months from today, and, then, stay at that level until the end of the year. Assume     each option is written on one share of CBA stock.

Note:

Round u and d to 6 decimal digits.

Round the number of securities to the nearest integer.

For all other calculations, round to 4 decimal digits.

Please show all your detailed workings.

a)   Use a three-step binomial tree to calculate the option price.

b)  What do you need to do in order to delta hedge your position at the time the options are written? Be specific about the necessary hedging strategy.

c)   If CBA stock price increases in the two months after the options are written, how would you keep your position delta hedged? Be specific about the necessary hedging strategy.

QUESTION 9 [4+3 = 7 MARKS]

After seeing the recent huge drop in the share market, you expect the market to recover. You,      therefore, traded futures on the ASX200 to speculate on your view. Specifically, you entered into ten September 2022 ASX200 futures contracts on 6th June 2022 when the futures price was 7,175 points. On 8th June 2022, you increased your exposure by entering into another eight September  2022 ASX200 futures contracts at the futures price of 7,065 points. Assume the initial margin      required is $7,000 per contract and the maintenance margin is $3,500 per contract. Each index     point is worth $50. You are provided with the following futures prices

Date

Opening price

Last price

Settlement price

6th June 2022

7,145

7,080

7,075

7th June 2022

7,073

7,050

7,045

8th June 2022

7,040

7,050

7,052

9th June 2022

7,050

7,060

7,062

Please note: although you have taken two positions (one on June 6th, one on June 8th), they are taken on the same September 2022 contract. As a result, the cash flow from one position may   offset the cash flow from the other. You need to look at the overall margin account when           answering the questions below.

a)   What is your margin account balance at the end of 8th June 2022? Please show all your detailed workings.

b)  Under what circumstances would you be able to withdraw a maximum amount of $40,000 from the margin account on 10th June 2022. Please show all your detailed workings.