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BMS1042 Assessment 3 Public Health Data Analysis

Assessment 3: Public Health Data Analysis

Weighting: 30 %

Details of task:

This assignment involves the presentation and interpretation of descriptive statistics and statistical test results.

1.   You have been randomly allocated to 1 of a large number of different datasets from the Roberton Data Set on Moodle.

2.   This task will take approximately 10 - 12 hrs to complete.

On completion of this assessment task, you will be able to:

.     Demonstrate an ability to present data clearly and interpret its results        .     Conduct and show workings where appropriate for various statistical tests .     Describe the epidemiological foundations for obtaining the data

.     Ability to generate an interpret results based on various statistical tests and public health

tasks

Word limit: This assessment is 2,500 word equivalent with a focus on calculations and reporting.

Format: Your results will be submitted in a question and answer format using a quiz mode on Moodle. This report requires extensive data analysis and interpretation skills.

Submission is final and your attempt can NOT be reopened.

Criteria for marking: Question set and marking guide are available on the unit's Moodle site.

Attempts allowed: 1

Release date: 9:30 am, Tuesday 2 August 2022

Due date: 9:30 am, Wednesday 12 October, 2022

The slogan for World Health Day 2004 – Road Safety Is No Accident – suggests that road safety does not happen accidentally, but requires a deliberate effort by governments and their many partners.

The WHO strategy for road traffic injury prevention has three objectives:

.     To build better systems for gathering and reporting data on traffic injuries;

.     To make prevention of road traffic injuries a public health priority in all countries;

.     To advocate for prevention and promote appropriate prevention strategies for road traffic injuries.

In Australia, on average, five peoples die every day in road crashes. In a 2018 report by the ABC using national data found that:

.     48,592 people have died on the Australia’s road since 1989

.     Traffic injury is the biggest killer of children under 15

.     Traffic injury is the 2nd  biggest killer of Australians aged between 15-24

.     The yearly death toll has decreased from 3798 (1970) to 1225 (2017)

According to the AIHW Injury in Australia: transport accidents report (updated 9 Dec 2021), in 2018- 19, transport injuries resulted in:

.     63,900 hospitalisations (255 per 100,000 population) - 10 % of injury hospitalisations

.      1,400 deaths (5.6 per 100,000 population) - 10 % of injury deaths

This is despite Australia’s strong legislative approach to road safety. Public health experts know:

.     Road deaths are predictable and preventable

. Road safety is no accident

Links:

. http://www.emro.who.int/violence-injuries-disabilities/violence-events/whd2004.html

. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-25/every-road-death-in-australia-since- 1989/9353794

. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/injury/transport-accidents

Dataset: The Council of Roberton

The Council of Roberton is interested in investigating risk factors that can lead to road accidents in their      population. They have sent out a tender for the brightest researchers to inform their future public health       policies and health promotion interventions. They are interested in the association between physical activity in terms of reaction time for stopping a car and preventing an accident.

The good news is that they have existing historical data. The data was collected from a census index from the Council of Roberton which has 17,935 residents aged between 6 years to 80 years.  Each individual’s data were identified by a six-letter identification code. From the records given on Moodle in the Excel

file Roberton Dataset.xlsx , the age group and gender of each person in this population are known. Gender was only collected as a binary variable: Male and Female.  This data is a snapshot in time and there is no historical or post-research data available.

The Council wanted to examine the association between reaction time and physical activity. Therefore, they have conducted a one-off test as part of their health assessments and collected the reaction time of the       individuals.  A quick reaction time on the test is considered an indicator of a good ability when to stop a car.

A stratified random sample of 100 Roberton residents has been obtained. The stratification was based on the age groups and the sample size from each stratum was in proportion to that in the population:

Age Group

6-20

21-35

36-50

51-65

65-80

%

22

23

25

19

11

Variable

Descriptor

Age

Years (recorded as the date of birth)

Gender

Male (M) and Female (F)

Handedness

Left-Handed (LH) and Right Handed (RH)

Physical activity

Hours per week

Reaction time to test

Seconds

Reaction time: Slow and Quick

Slow (>= 0.31 sec) & Quick (<0.31 sec)

Looking at your dataset, complete the following questions by entering the answers into your Moodle quiz.

Assessment 3 Mark distribution

Section

Questions

Topic

Marks

Section A: Understanding the context

1 to 4

Reaction time & stopping distance

8 marks

Section B: Describing &

Summarising Data

5 to 13

Sampling, Types of data, Reaction time

20.5 marks

Section C: Graphs and %

14 to 22

Gender and Reaction time: slow vs quick

11 marks

Section D: Conducting statistical tests

23 to 38

Do males and females differ in their reaction times?

25.5 marks

Section E: Interpreting statistical tests

39 to 46

Handedness and Reaction time: slow vs quick

13 marks

Section F: Using statistical

packages

47 to 52

Reaction time and physical activity

12 marks

Section G: Putting it all together

53

Conclusion

10 marks

TOTAL

100 marks

Section A: Understanding the context (8 marks)

The Council of Roberton is really concerned about the number of recent road accidents, and has   called a community meeting.  They have called for an enquiry named the Roberton report. You are part of the team to help them make decisions for their community.  The aim of your assignment is  to investigate injury prevention and road safety.

Let's ask some preliminary questions about accidents.

Additional resources:

. Stopping distances: speed and braking (graph)

. Stopping distances on wet and dry roads (table)

Watch the <Section A video> embedded in the quiz.

1.  What factors may influence road safety and contribute to the road toll?

List 2 direct factors and 2 upstream factors.    (4 marks)

2.  A person’s reaction time can be critical to their safety.  Consider that you are driving a good car in     dry conditions at 60 km/hr and a child unexpectedly steps out from behind a parked car which is only

45 meters in front of you.  Will you have enough time to stop?

Using the graph provided, state the distance travelled in meters if the car is travelling at 60 km/hr on a dry road. (no units required) (1 mark)

3.  Using the table provided, state the distance travelled in meters if the car is travelling at 100 km/hr on a dry road. (no units required) (1 mark)

4.  Now that we know that driver reaction distance in meters and car braking distance play a role in stopping a car.

Describe your findings of whether the car stopped at 60 km/hr or 100 km/hr for the child 45 m away by completing these two sentences:

o  At 60 km/hr, the car will

o  At 100 km/hr, the car will (2 marks)


Section B: Describing & Summarising Data (20.5 marks)

It is important to have an understanding of your data and variables in research.

Before we start our analysis, we need to understand our population and the sampling methods used.  Then, before we do any statistical tests, we need to describe the data with descriptive statistics and graphs.

Resources: Please see the Useful Assessment Resources folder for a PDF of the questions in the quiz, as well as the Formula Sheet & Tables document.

Watch the <Section B video> embedded in the quiz

5.   The Roberton sample was obtained by stratified random sampling with the strata based                    proportionally on age groups.  This type of sampling may be necessary for investigating the average reaction time.

What had to be known to achieve it? (Select 1 or more correct answers) [3 marks]

o A sampling frame of the entire population, along with their age and the proportions of each sub- group in the population is needed to achieve this stratified sampling.

o Age is not relevant to the condition investigated and therefore will have no effect on reaction time or cognition.

o Stratified sampling allows for sequential order within the sample which ensures that the attribute studied is random.

o Stratified sampling allows for the sampling to be random within each sub-group being investigated (in this case, each age group) – so the proportions of the different age groups are the same in the population and the sample.

o Age is often referred to as the universal confounder” – so reaction time might be affected by age.

o A sampling frame which divides the population into a set of different coherent areas and randomly selects areas to assess.

6.   Create a table of variables by matching the type of data to each variable listed below.   [6 marks]