ACFI3005 Audit and Assurance - Homework Solutions
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ACFI3005 Audit and Assurance - Homework Solutions
Topic 1 - Chapter 1 – Introduction and overview of audit and assurance
1.11 What does ‘assurance’ mean in the financial reporting context?
An assurance engagement (or service) is defined as ‘an engagement in which an assurance practitioner expresses a conclusion designed to enhance the degree of confidence of the intended users other than the responsible party about the outcome of the evaluation or measurement of a subject matter against criteria’ (Framework for Assurance Engagements, para. 8; International Frameworkfor Assurance Engagements, para. 7).
In the financial reporting context ‘assurance’ relates to the audit or review of an entity’s financial report.
An audit provides reasonable assurance about the true and fair nature of the financial reports, and a review provides limited assurance. The audit contains a positive expression of opinion (e.g. ‘in our opinion the financial reports are in accordance with (the Act) including giving a true and fair view…), while the review contains a negative expression of opinion (e.g., ‘we have not become aware of any matter that makes us believe that…the financial reports are not in accordance with (the Act)... including giving a true and fair view.. ’).
An auditor may also perform agreed upon procedures for a client, but these do not provide any assurance. The client determines the nature, timing and extent of procedures and no opinion is provided to a third-party user.
1.13 Who are the three parties relevant to an assurance engagement in the financial reporting context? Explain why each party is interested in the result of an audit.
The assurance practitioner is an auditor working in public practice providing assurance on financial reports of publicly listed companies, or other entities.
The assurance practitioner (or auditor) is interested in the result of an audit because they are providing the audit service. If the audit is not of the required standard, the auditor’s
reputation will suffer.
Intended users are the people for whom the assurance provider prepares their report (e.g. the shareholders).
Intended users are interested in the result of an audit because they will rely on the audit when making their decisions about the entity. If the audit opinion (or report) provides assurance that the subject matter is in accordance with the criteria (e.g. true and fair) then the user is likely to place more reliance on the subject matter than if the audit opinion (or report) states that there was not enough evidence, or that serious problems were found during the audit.
The responsible party is the person or organisation (e.g. a company) responsible for the preparation of the subject matter (e.g. the financial reports).
They are interested in the result of an audit because they will use the report from the assurance practitioner (or auditor) to make improvements. They are also interested in receiving a positive report so that their interested users will place more reliance on the reports.
1.14 An assurance engagement involves evaluation or measurement of subject matter against criteria. What criteria are used in a financial report audit?
An auditor evaluates the contents of a financial report against the standards and laws that apply to that type of financial report. Listed public companies must abide by the Corporations Act, the Australian Accounting Standards (AASB) and the listing rules of the ASX. Certain companies must also abide by additional specific legislation, depending on their industry or legal status. In addition, if a company is listed in another country, foreign exchange listing rules and laws could apply to the financial report.
Auditing standards control the way an audit is conducted, they are not the criteria against which the financial report is evaluated.
1.15 Who would request a performance audit? Why?
A performance audit is an assessment of the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of an organisation’s operations. It can be conducted internally (by internal audit) or externally (by an audit firm) and across the entire organisation or for part of an organisation.
Management may request a performance audit of its own company (or part thereof) in order to assess the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of the organisation. Ideally, the audit
would identify issues that need to be addressed in order to increase the performance of the division or company. For example, the audit could examine a logistics department. It would assess the cost of running the department, the number of deliveries per input (such as labour hours, vehicle hours, etc.), and indicators of delivery on time to the correct address.
A performance audit could be conducted on a government department or agency as part of the process of accountability to the public. Stakeholders of government entities are usually seen to be more interested in economy, efficiency and effectiveness than in profit, or surplus. Performance auditing can expose poor practices, or even corruption, in an organisation. Performance auditing can provide information on the implementation of government policies. Regular performance auditing of government entities can help build trust between the government and the citizens.
1.17 What is an ‘emphasis of matter’ paragraph? When do you think an auditor would use it?
As defined in ASA 706 (ASA 706 (5)):
Emphasis of Matter paragraph means a paragraph included in the auditor’s report that refers to a matter appropriately presented or disclosed in the financial report that, in the auditor’s judgement, is of such importance that it is fundamental to users’ understanding of the financial report.
The emphasis of matter paragraph is included in the audit report immediately after the opinion paragraph.
An emphasis of matter paragraph draws the attention of the reader to an issue that the auditor believes has been adequately and accurately explained in a note to the financial report. The purpose of the paragraph is to ensure that the reader pays appropriate attention to the issue when reading the financial report. The audit report remains unqualified and the user of the financial report can still rely on the information contained in the financial report (ASA 706; ISA 706).
The emphasis of matter paragraph is not used when the entity has not disclosed the issue in its report. The auditor can use an ‘other matter’ paragraph to introduce another matter that the auditor believes should be disclosed.
The usual circumstance which would warrant an Emphasis of Matter paragraph in the auditor’s report is the existence of a significant uncertainty, the resolution of which may materially affect the financial report.
From ASA 706:
A1. Examples of circumstances where the auditor may consider it necessary to include an Emphasis of Matter paragraph are:
- An uncertainty relating to the future outcome of exceptional litigation or regulatory action.
- Early application (where permitted) of a new accounting standard (for example, a new Australian Accounting Standard) that has a pervasive effect on the financial report in advance of its effective date.
- A major catastrophe that has had, or continues to have, a significant effect on the entity’s financial position.
ASA 706 stresses that the inclusion of an Emphasis of Matter paragraph in the auditor’s report does not affect the auditor’s opinion. An emphasis of matter can be included in an unqualified auditor’s report or a qualified auditor’s report (see example in ASA 706).
1.22 Explain the ‘audit expectation gap’. What causes the gap?
The audit expectation gap occurs when there is a difference between the expectations of assurance providers and those of the users of the financial reports. If a gap exists, it means that the users’ beliefs do not align with what the auditor’s performance in the audit. A gap usually occurs when the users of financial reports want more than the auditor provides.
The users could be unrealistic in their views. Some examples of unrealistic expectations are:
• the auditor provides complete assurance
• the auditor guarantees the future viability of the entity
• an unmodified audit opinion means that the accounts are completely accurate
• if any fraud exists, the auditor would definitely find it
• the auditor has checked every transaction.
In reality, the auditor:
• provides reasonable assurance only,
• does not guarantee the future viability of the entity,
• provides an unmodified opinion when the auditor believes there are not material misstatements in the financial report
• does not guarantee that no fraud exists, although the auditor will take reasonable steps to try to uncover any fraud,
• tests only a sample of transactions.
The standards under which auditors operate could be deficient. Users’ expectations could be reasonable, but beyond what current standards require. This suggests that audit standards could be improved and strengthened in order to meet user expectations in the future.
In addition, it is possible that some auditors do not give users what they require because the auditors are not following the standards. In these cases, the auditors are potentially liable to be sued or face prosecution.
2022-08-17