BMAN21020 FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ACCOUNTABILITY 2019
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BMAN21020
FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ACCOUNTABILITY
2019
SECTION A (COMPULSORY)
1. Definitions, Financial Instruments, Ratios and Positive Accounting Theory
Ego Ltd is a rapidly expanding company whose only source of debt before 1 October 2017 was £5m 8% debentures whose loan agreement required immediate repayment if the company’s gearing ratio (debt/equity) exceeded 0.5.
On 1 October 2017, the first day of their current reporting year ended 30 September 2018, the company issued the following forms of finance:
1. £12m worth of Cumulative Preference shares, issued at par, guaranteeing a constant return of 10% each year regardless of the profit made in the year, and redeemable in six years’ time at par.
2. 6% Convertible debentures with a nominal value of £6m, paying interest of in arrears annually (on 30 September), and providing the holders with the choice to convert into ordinary shares, or receive back the nominal value on 30th September 2020. The interest payable on debentures similar in terms of risk but without conversion option is 10%.
The finance director regards both the above sources of finance as equity, suggesting that “preference shares are equity since they are called shares” and “we are confident that the convertible debentures will be converted into equity at the end of the term”. As a result of accounting for both items under equity, the payments made to the holders of both were recorded in the Statement of Changes in Equity as a
distribution of profit, rather than an interest expense in the income statement. Extracts from the unaudited financial statements are provided below:
Extract from Draft (unaudited) Income statement
for the year ended 30 September 2018
Operating profit before interest and tax
Interest payable on 8% debentures
Tax
Profit retained in the year
£'000
3,800
(400)
(650)
2,750
Extract from Draft (unaudited) Statement of Financial Position as at 30 September 2018
Equity
Ordinary Share capital
£'000
12,250
10% Preference Share capital (issued 1 October 2017)
Share premium
6% debentures (issued 1 October 2017)
12,000
550
6,000
Retained Earnings
Total Equity
Non-Current Liabilities
8% Debentures
Total Debt
Total Equity and Debt
3,040
33,840
5,000
5,000 |
38,840 |
Based upon the above unaudited draft financial statements, the gearing ratio (Debt/Equity) is 0.15 (5,000 / 33,840), which is well below the 8% debenture covenant limit of 0.5.
The extract from 10% discount tables (right) may assist in your answer.
Year: 1 2 3 |
10% Discount Factor: 0.9091 0.8265 0.7514 |
Required:
a) Explain the key differences between equity and debt, with reference to the IASB’s Conceptual Framework. (4 marks)
b) Explain why the finance director’s arguments for accounting for the two new sources of finance are incorrect and explain how each should be accounted for in the financial statements, in accordance with international accounting standards. Show all your workings, but do not extend calculations beyond 30 September 2018.
(i) 10% cumulative preference shares (4 marks) (ii) 6% convertible debentures (12 marks)
c) Show how the correct accounting treatment of the two new sources of finance you outlined in requirement (b) alters the gearing ratio for Ego Ltd at 30 September 2018 to an amount in excess of 0.5, by restating both debt and equity to their correct amounts, and recalculating gearing. (5 marks)
d) Discuss whether Positive Accounting Theory explains the motivation of the Finance Director to present the financial statements as shown in their draft format, and whether the Finance Director – who is a Chartered Accountant – is behaving ethically in preparing the draft accounts. (5 marks)
(Total 30 marks)
2. Conceptual Framework.
These questions relate to the Conceptual Framework and intangible assets.
Required:
a) Outline the key objectives of the IASB Conceptual Framework and the basis upon which it was designed. Briefly discuss whether you think it has been successful in achieving its objectives.
(9 marks)
b) Under IAS 38 Intangible Assets, development costs must be capitalised as an intangible asset once recognition criteria are met. Describe these recognition criteria and the types of cost that can be capitalised. Discuss whether requiring that development costs be capitalised whilst research costs be written off is in line with the Conceptual Framework’s definitions of an asset and an expense.
(6 marks)
c) The IASB Conceptual Framework specifically states that the matching of costs with income is not its objective. Do you think that IAS 38 Intangible Assets conforms to matching and prudence concepts?
(5 marks)
(Total 20 marks)
SECTION B
Answer TWO questions
3. Capital Reconstruction
Echo Ltd designs and manufactures hearing aids . Recent losses, caused by excessive research costs, have resulted in a debit balance on retained earnings in
the statement of financial position as at 31 May 2019, as shown below:
Non-current assets
Development costs
Freehold property
Plant, vehicles and equipment
Current assets
Total Assets
Equity
£1 Ordinary shares
Retained earnings (debit balance)
£'000 £'000
1,000
150
450
600
1,600
800
2,400
1,000
(800)
200
Non-current liabilities
10% debentures (secured on freehold premises) 7% cumulative preference shares of £1 each
Current liabilities
Trade payables
Bank overdraft
Total Equity and liabilities
700
450
650
400
1,050
2,400
Echo Ltd is expected to make profits before interest in future years of at least £150,000, and the shareholders are willing to provide more funds to support the business. The finance director estimates the values if Echo is to continue, or liquidate
(using the break-up basis) as:
Values in Use Break-up Basis
£'000 £'000
Capitalised development costs 1,000 -
Freehold property 780 780
Plant and equipment 300 50
Inventory 370 200
Trade receivables 430 400
2,680 1,430
If the company were to be liquidated there would be disposal costs of £100,000.
Part of a proposed reconstruction scheme will remove the debit balance on retained earnings. The finance director has proposed the following adjustments:
1) Revalue the freehold property to £780,000.
2) Impair Plant by £150,000 (to record it at the value in use of £300,000)
3) Obtain ordinary shareholders’ agreement to cancel £140,000 of ordinary shares.
4) Obtain agreement from the preference shareholders to cancel their preference shares, in return for 3 ordinary shares for every 5 preference shares they held.
5) Remove the debit balance on retained earnings .
Required:
a) Calculate the minimum amount that the unsecured creditors (the Trade Payables and the bank in overdraft) should accept if they agreed to a reconstruction rather than proceed to press for the company to be liquidated and outline any concerns that the unsecured creditors would have in making their decision on whether to accept the reconstruction proposal.
(5 marks)
b) Show the accounting entries (journals) required to carry out the adjustments proposed by the finance director, which will clear the £800,000 debit balance on Retained Earnings.
(12 marks)
c) In a capital reconstruction, stakeholders other than shareholders (e.g., creditors) may have to surrender existing rights and amounts owed to them in exchange for new rights. Why would such stakeholders be willing to do this?
(4 marks)
d) Describe the “break-up basis” and the conditions in which it is adopted instead of the “going concern” basis in the preparation of financial statements.
(4 marks)
(Total 25 marks)
4. Taxation
a) IAS 12 Income Tax requires companies to account for the tax consequence of their transactions.
Required:
(i) Distinguish between current tax and deferred tax
(2 marks)
(ii) Distinguish between permanent differences and temporary differences using
examples to illustrate your answer.
(4 marks)
(iii) Explain how temporary differences between accounting profits and taxable
profits would affect the tax expense shown in the company’s financial statements unless deferred tax was taken into account.
(4 marks)
(iv) Consider the arguments for and against making a deferred tax provision and highlight some of the accounting issues that surround the standard and the
solutions to those issues that have been recommended over recent years (10 marks)
b) The draft financial statements for Greenwood Plc, at 31 March 2019, show a non-current liability brought forward of £200,000 for deferred tax in the statement of financial position.
The Finance Director has estimated that the tax charge for this year based on the profit for the year to 31 March 2019 is £260,000. However, his estimates are not always the most accurate as the tax charge in the previous year, to 31 March 2018, had been underestimated by £132,000.
The carrying of Greenwood’s net assets in the statement of financial position at 31 March 2019 is £6.4m, and the tax written down value of these assets at that
date is £5.0m.
The tax rate is 20%.
Required:
Show extracts from Greenwood’s financial statements for the year to 31 March 2019 in relation to taxation (comparatives and policy notes are not required)
(5 marks)
(Total 25 marks)
5. Analytical Review
Babylon Co has identified Elves Co as a possible acquisition within the same industry. The following are extracts from the financial statements of Elves Co:
Extract from the Income statement for Elves Co for the year ended 31 December 2018 Revenue
Cost of sales
Gross profit
Operating expenses
Operating profit
Statement of financial position for Elves
Co as at 31 December 2018 £’000
Non-current assets
Current assets
£’000
32,700
(16,500)
16,200
(8,800)
7,400
£’000
18,600
Inventory
Receivables
Cash at bank
Total assets
Equity and liabilities
Equity shares
Retained earnings
Total Equity
Non-current liabilities
Loan
Current liabilities
Trade payables
Current tax payable
Total equity and liabilities
3,200
3,500
750
7,450
26,050
1,000
8,000
9,000
12,500
2,300
2,250
4,550
26,050
Additional information:
(i) On 1 April 2018, Elves Co disposed of a non-core division, generating a loss of £0.8m which is included within operating expenses. The following extracts show the results of the non-core division for the period prior to disposal which were included in Elves Co’s results for 2018:
Revenue
Cost of sales Gross profit Operating expenses Operating profit
£’000
1,600
(900)
700
(600)
100
(ii) Elves Co records its non-current assets at historic cost. Babylon considers the
fair value of land held by Elves to be £2.1m higher and would us this information
in any evaluation of Elves.
(iii) The following is a list of comparable industry average key performance indicators
(KPIs) for 2018:
Gross profit margin Operating profit margin Receivables collection period Current ratio
Gearing (debt/equity)
Non-Current Asset Turnover
KPI
45%
30%
32 days
2.1
2.4
2 times
Required:
a) Redraft Elves Co’s statement of profit or loss for 2018 so that appropriate ratios can be calculated ignoring the disposed non-core division outlined in note (i) and present a journal adjustment assuming any increase or decrease in profit as a result of your adjustments will also increase or decrease cash.
(6 marks)
b) Calculate the 2018 ratios for Elves Co equivalent to those shown in note (iii) based on the restated financial information calculated in part (a) and including the fair value of land outlined in note (ii).
(6 marks)
c) Using the ratios calculated in part (b), comment the 2018 performance and financial position of Elves compared to the industry average KPIs provided in note (iii) and outline any areas that Babylon should investigate further in their proposed acquisition of Elves.
(8 marks)
d) Briefly describe the merits and limitations of using Z-Scores to review a company’s level of financial distress.
(5 marks)
(Total 25 marks)
2022-05-09