FIN 422 Midterm Formulas
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FIN 422 Midterm Formulas
Annuities and Perpetuities
Ordinary annuity (first payment arrives in one year): PVA = (1 − ) = C() where C is the constant annuity amount and k is the discount rate.
Growing annuity: PVGA = [1 − ] assuming n g, where C is the first payment that arrives in one year and g is the constant growth rate of payments thereafter.
Ordinary perpetuity (first payment arrives in one year): PVP = where C is the constant perpe- tuity amount and k is the discount rate.
Growing perpetuity: PVGP = assuming g < k, where C is the first payment that arrives in one year and g is the constant growth rate of payments thereafter.
NPV and IRR
NPV for a project that generates cash flows for n periods:
NPV = n = 0 + + ... +
The IRR for a project that generates cash flow for n periods is the solution to the equation:
0 + + ... + = 0
Equivalent Annual Benefit
The EAB for a project that generates cash flows for n years is the annual annuity payment C such
that
C()(1 − n) = NPV ,
where NPV is the project’s NPV and k is the project’s cost of capital.
Free Cash Flows
Definition of free cash flow at time t
Ct = (1 − TC)(Rt − Et) + TCCCAt − ∆NWCt − KExpt
= (1 − TC)EBITt + CCAt − ∆NWCt − KExpt
= EBITt + CCAt − CITt − ∆NWCt − KExpt
where EBITt = Rt − Et − CCAt denotes earnings before interest and taxes and CITt = TC × EBIT represents (unlevered) corporate income taxes.
CCA (under Accelerated Investment Incentive)
CCA: CCAt = O0d(1 − 1.5d)(1 − d)t_2 for t ≥ 2 and CCA1 = O0 × 1.5 × d
Period-ending UCC: UCCt = O0(1 − 1.5d)(1 − d)t_1 for t ≥ 1
PV(CCA tax shields): = ( )
PV(foregone CCA tax shields, continuing pool with negative net additions): ( (1k)n )
PV(foregone CCA tax shields, continuing pool with positive net additions): ( ()
PV(terminal loss tax shield/terminal gain CCA recapture): TC O0 _ ( 1k TC n(_)1(n)
Leverage and Cost of Capital
Assumption |
VL |
E |
ww宁宁 |
No taxes |
VL = VU |
rE = rU + (rU − rD ) |
rww宁宁 = rD + rE = rU |
Corporate taxes (permanent debt) |
VL = VU + TCD |
rE = rU + (1 − TC) (rU − rD ) |
If D/E is not constant, need to recalculate rww宁宁 every period |
Corporate taxes (target D/E ratio) |
VL VU + TCD |
rE = rU + (rU − rD ) |
rww宁宁 = (1 − TC) rD + rE |
Personal and corporate income taxes under permanent debt: VL = VU + [1 − )]D
Calculating the cost of capital using comparables (under target D/E ratio):
❼ Unlever: rU = rD(Comp) + rE(Comp) or βU = βD(Comp) + βE(Comp)
❼ Relever: rE(Target) = rU + (rU − rD(Target)) or βE(Target) = βU + (βU − βD(Target)) ❼ Calculate target WACC: r = (1 − TC(Target)) rD(Target) + rE(Target)
Cost of Equity
CAPM: rE = rf + βCAPM (M − rf)
Four factor model:
rE = rf+βCAPM (M − rf)+βSMB (Small − Big)+βHML (High − Low )+βMOM (Win − Lose )
Cost of Debt
The yield to maturity for a bond with face value F and current price D with semi-annual coupon payments of c% and maturity in N years can be calculated by solving for y in the following equation:
D = F + F + ... + F + F
where n = 2N is the number of half years, and
❼ 2y represents the yield to maturity expressed as an annual rate compounded semiannually ❼ r1 = (1 + y)2 − 1 represents the effective annual rate for the yield
2022-02-15