GEOL 0820 Natural Disasters LECTURE #7: Earthquake Disasters: Science & Monitoring Spring, 2025
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GEOL 0820
Natural Disasters
Spring,2025
LECTURE#7: Earthquake Disasters:Science & Monitoring
Date: 3 February 2025
I. Reminder:
● exam 1 is one week from today
o make sure that you bring a#2 pencil (or 2),an eraser,and a photo ID
o please be on time!
o come talk to me during office hours if something is not making sense
o I will show a few example questions at the start of Wednesday's lecture
II.Earthquakes
● what are earthquakes (EQs)?
o ground movement caused by the release of seismic energy
o seismic energy is caused by the brittle failure of rocks under stress
· always a relevant topic due to the number of deadly EQs around the world
Earthquakes in CA/NV for one week: http://earthquakes.usgs.gov
· important hazards to understand:
o kills the most people per year (>1 million in total over the past century)
o commonly strike without precursors or warning
■ not time for evacuation
o not a linear trend
· 1000s large EQs every year
and 80%of all the fatalities
Descriptor Magnitude Average Annually
Light 4-4.9 6,200(estimated)
Minor 3-3.9 49,000(estimated)
Very Minor 2-3 about 1,000 per day
1-2 about 8,000 per day
o recall:most of the fastest growing cities lie on the Pacific Rim
■ these are most threatened by large EQs
Ⅲ.Earthquakes Background
· where and how do they occur?
o sudden release of stored energy as the result of rapid movement between two blocks (can be plate boundaries or simply at a fault)
o stress stored because of plate movement +friction
■ release point is called the focus or hypocenter energy radiates out in all directions
■ point on the surface directly above the focus is the epicenter
■ fault trace: line where the fault/fracture intersects the surface
● fault terminology:
o headwall: rock layers above the fault plane
o footwall: rock layers below the fault plane
o fault types:
■ normal (also called 'extensional'
due to tensional stress ← →
generally,the smallest EQs
hanging wall moves down with respect to the footwall
■ reverse (also called thrust'or 'compressional')
due to compressional stress→←
generally,the largest magnitude EQs
▶but can also be deep,which weakens the amount of energy reaching the surface

normal fault thrust fault
lateral(side to side)movement
caused by shearing stress
not as strong as thrust faults
therefore,a total movement =600 km (but not at a constant rate!) large jumps of meters occur during the largest EQs
IV.Measuring EQs
● detection:
O seismograph
■ instrument that detects and records ground motion
■ includes the seismometer and the data(called a seismogram)
o seismometer:
■ device that measures the
ground vibrations
■ anchored to bedrock and moves
with the ground motion
complex version of a mass
hanging from a wire
can be set up to measure both horizontal and vertical motion
■ typically transmits data digitally very sensitive
can measure movement to 1 x10-8cm (equivalent to the depression of a car driving by several blocks away)
■ the physical or digital recording of the seismic waves
on paper (originally)or digitally(most common now)
● measurement scales:
o two scales are used to describe an EQs size:
o Magnitude Scale(Richter Scale)
quantitative measurement
■ relates ground motion on a seismogram to a number
■ log scale (not linear)
example: a M5.0 EQ has 10 times more ground motion but 48 times more energy released than an M4.0 EQ
and a M8.0 EQ has 2.8 million times more energy than a M4.0!
■ open ended scale (no theoretical upper limit)
but rocks are not strong enough to keep accumulating strain that results in magnitudes much greater than the middle 9s
■ limitations:
expensive to set up and operate seismometers
cannot describe historic or very distant smaller EQs
qualitative measurement based on human perception and property
damage
only scale available before 1935 good for assessing and describing historical EQs
■ 12 levels of detailed descriptions of damage
based on these,an EQ is assigned a Mercalli value(I-XII)
lines of equal Mercallivalues are known as isoseismal maps
■ limitations:
bias toward populated regions (need humans and man-made structures)
subjective human opinions
local geology is not considered
V.Earthquake Distribution (in 2-D)
● in the US:
o of the 10 largest EQs in US history
o 9 were in Alaska and only 1 was in the continental US
■ despite the attention,CA is not as hazardous as most think
■ however,the population is much higher!
2025-08-15