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ESS 101 B Au 21: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts

Examination 1 Wednesday, October 20th (8:00 - 9:00 PM)

Question 1

Which of statements below is not correct regarding scientific observations of the solar system, which support the contention that the sun and planets formed from a rotating, disk-shaped, nebular dust cloud?

Direct observations of other planetary systems by the Hubble telescope

The planets revolve in a counter-clockwise direction around the sun

The planets are aligned with the Sun's equatorial plane

The planets are not aligned with the Sun's equatorial plane

Most of the planets and their moons rotate on their axis in a counter-clockwise direction

Question 2

Meteorites that strike the earth are predominantly composed of ____________?

(Select the 2 correct answers)

Chondritic (silicate minerals)

Sulfide minerals

Iron-Nickel

Oxide minerals

H2O (water)

Question 3

Which of the following statements are true regarding S-waves as they propagate through the earth.

(Select the 2 correct answers below)

S waves are slower than P waves

S waves are completely absorbed in the asthenosphere

S waves are absorbed in the liquid outer core

S waves are also described as compression waves

S waves do not refract as they propagate through different density materials

Question 4

Which of the sources of heat listed below were most important to the differentiation of the earth into compositional zones?

(3 answers are correct)

solar heating

compressional heating as earth gained mass

radioactive decay of natural radioactive elements

kinetic energy of impacting planetesimals

background thermal heating from residual "Big Bang" energy

Question 5

Transform plate boundaries are typically associated with ___________.

convergent margins where the descending plates speeds up during subduction

collisional margins where plates are being thrust over one another

convergent margins where the descending plates slows down during subduction

divergent margins where the rate of spreading is different along segments of the spreading ridge

divergent margins where the rate of spreading is the same along segments of the spreading ridge

Question 6

Which of the following statements are not correct related to the compositional zonation of the earth? (There are 2 correct answers)

the earth is not compositionally zoned

the densest compositional zones are in the earth's interior

the earth's atmosphere and oceans formed during differentiation and degassing

the earth became compositionally zoned when the sun first formed

the earth became compositionally zoned when the melting temperature of iron was exceeded

Question 7

Match the magma/lava type with the appropriate geographic/tectonic setting where it is found.

Andes Mountains

Iceland

interior of Himalaya Mountains

Question 8

As a source rock partially melts into magma, the magma (melt phase) is ____________ than the residual source rock.

(select the 3 correct answers)

higher density

lower melting temperature minerals

more Fe-Mg rich

lower density

more silica rich

Question 9

Observe the image of the porphyritic andesite shown below. Which of the following statements are correct regarding the minerals comprising the rock?

(3 answers are correct)

the fine minerals (c) comprising the matrix likely crystallized above ground

the mineral that crystallizes first has the lowest freezing/melting temperature

the mineral that crystallizes first also has the highest freezing/melting temperature

the large white mineral (b) crystallized first

the small black mineral (a) crystallized first

Question 10

Which of the mechanism(s) listed below do not likely drive subduction of the ocean lithosphere?

(2 answers are correct)

plate sliding

downward pull of subducting plate

convection in the outer core

convection within the continental crust

ridge push

Question 11

Which of the following statements is not true from the first special reading on the evolution of the earth's early atmosphere?

most of the Earth’s carbon is sequestered in its atmosphere

solar luminosity has changed over the Earth’s history

life originated more than 4 billion years ago

land dwelling animals could only evolve when the ozone layer formed in the upper atmosphere

if photosynthesis ceased all the oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere would be gone <1 million years

Question 12

Which of the following plate motions would not likely occur in the future?

East Africa will diverge apart from Central Africa

The Mediterranean Sea will close as the African Plate converges with the Eurasian Plate

western California will be displaced northward towards Alaska along a transform fault

The Juan de Fuca spreading ridge will be subducted and Cascade volcanism will cease

The Isthmus of Panama will close and North America will be connected to South America

Question 13

Match the structure within the subduction zone with the appropriate geographic feature in Washington State (shown on the figure below).

Olympic Mountains

Puget Lowland

Columbia Plateau

Question 14

Which of the following statements are correct regarding preservation of the earth's magnetic field signature within magnetite crystals contained in a basalt flow erupted and solidified at the earth's North pole today?

(there are 2 correct answers)

magnetite crystals will be arranged haphazardly within the crystallized basalt flow

the magnetite crystals will have a steep inclination

the magnetite crystals will have a low inclination

the magnetite crystals will possess a normal (north) polarity

the magnetite crystals will possess a reversed (south) polarity

Question 15

Refer to the image below to answer the following question.

Which seismic wave shadow zone is located between 105° and 140° angular distance from the epicenter of the earthquake shown above?

surface wave

P wave

S wave

none of the other answers are correct

P and S wave

Question 16

Refer to the image below to answer the following question.

Which seismic wave(s) is recorded by seismograph located a 155° angular distance from the epicenter of the above earthquake?

No seismic waves are recorded

surface waves

P waves only

S waves only

P and S waves

Question 17

Where are minerals produced on earth?

(choose the 2 correct answers)

precipitation from and aqueous solution

from wood fiber in a tree

crystallization of magma

in a scientific laboratory

in a clam shell

Question 18

What kind of tectonic setting is represented by the San Andreas Fault zone?

Continent-Continent Collision

Ocean-Ocean Subdution

Ocean-Continent Subduction

Divergent Boundary/Continental Rifting

Transform Boundary

Question 19

The cause of volcanism observed in the Cascades is similar to that of ________.

Hawaii

Andes Mountains

the Ural Mountains

the European Alps

Iceland

Question 20

Which continent has been tectonically isolated for the longest period of geologic time?

Australia

Eurasia (Europe-Asia)

South America

Africa

North America

Question 21

Which of the following statements are true regarding continental collision tectonic margins?

(select the 3 correct answers)

high mountain ranges will form in the center of continents

granitic plutons will form at depth

basaltic volcanism will be common

andesitic volcanism will be common

marine sedimentary (ocean floor) rocks will be uplifted

Question 22

Divergent margins typically originate under continents because __________.

the upper mantle is hotter under continental lithosphere than ocean lithosphere

the upper mantle is thicker under continental lithosphere

the insulating property of thick continental lithosphere retains more heat than ocean lithosphere

the upper mantle is squeezed to the surface where continents collide

none of the other answers are correct, as divergent margins only originate under ocean crust

Question 23

What evidence have geophysicists used to indicate that the core is metallic and has a liquid component?

(There are two correct answers)

a segment of the metallic core has been brought to the surface along deep kimberlite dikes

the presence of iridium in the outer core

convection in the outer core drives plate tectonics

the presence of the earth’s magnetic field

seismic wave studies, specifically the S-wave shadow zone

Question 24

Which volcanic gas was not added to the earth’s atmosphere during early differentiation of the planet?

carbon dioxide

water vapor

hydrogen (lost to space)

oxygen

nitrogen

Question 25

Metals generally have _________ melting and boiling points are _________ conductors of heat and electricity?

high, poor

low, good

none of the other answers are correct

low, poor

high, good

Question 26

In the 2nd special reading it was hypothesized that the first major dispersal of our ancient human ancestors out of East Africa into Eurasia may have been caused by:

Flooding of the East Africa Rift Valley as we entered the Cenozoic Ice Age

Falling global sea level

Increasing aridification of the Sahara Desert in northern Africa

ephemeral (short-lived) deep freshwater lakes appearing and disappearing along the whole length of the East Africa Rift Valley

Closing of the Sinai Peninsula

Question 27

Water (H2O) melts at a very low temperature because the water molecules are held together within the crystal structure by ____________ bonds.

strong covalent bonds

strong ionic

strong metallic

weak ionic

weak Van der Waal

Question 28

Why does quartz not exhibit a well-defined 6-sided crystal structure in the rock granite?

it has the lowest melting/freezing temperature and is the first to crystallize

none of the other answers are corrects, as quartz form 6-sided crystals in the rock granite

it has the highest melting/freezing temperature and is the last mineral to crystallize

it has lowest melting/freezing temperature and is last mineral to crystallize

it has the highest melting/freezing temperature and is the first to crystallize

Question 29

What other mineral did we discussed in lecture that exhibited Van der Waal bonds in its respective crystal structure (solid form)?

graphite

table salt (halite)

muscovite mica

biotite mica

mercury

Question 30

What are the two most dominant elements comprising the crust and mantle?

(more than one answer is correct)

iron

nickel

aluminum

oxygen

silicon

Question 31

Look at the image below of the mineral pyroxene.

What is the ratio of Si:O in the pyroxene mineral structure?

1:2

1:2.5

1:3

1:2.75

1:4

Question 32

What mineral group provides the cementing agent in concrete?

oxide

silicate

carbonate

sulfide

halide

Question 33

Why does Ca-rich plagioclase develop cleavage planes yet it is a framework silicate mineral with all its oxygen atoms shared between tetrahedra?

this mineral is not a silicate mineral and consists of weak ionic bonds between the oxygen atoms

this mineral may have an Al atom in its tetrahedra which requires additional ionic bonds with Ca atoms

the mineral cleaves between covalent bonds separating sheet pairs this mineral does not cleave

none of the other answers are correct

Question 34

Which of the following statements are correct regarding silicate tetrahedron? (Choose the 3 correct answers).

it is bonded with van der waal bonds within the tetrahedron

it has a net charge of -4

it is bonded with covalent bonds within the tetrahedron

it is the least common mineral group comprising the crust and mantle

1 silicon atom is bonded with 4 oxygen atoms

Question 35

How do scientists explain the presence of heavy elements, such as iron and nickel comprising planets in our solar system?

the heavy elements formed during a super nova event during the death of a pre-existing star

none of the other answers are correct

the heavy elements are remnants from the original Big Bang formation event of our Universe

heavy elements were produced within the planets during differentiation

heavy metal were produced in our sun and expelled by the solar wind

Question 36

Match the source rock with the magma type produced from partial melting of that source rock.

partial melt of asthenosphere

partial melt of subducting ocean crust and marine sediments

partial melt of continental crust

Question 37

Answer the question below based on the diagram showing partial melting in the earth mantle (asthenosphere).

Which of the following statements are correct based on the information shown in the above diagram.

(3 answers are correct)

the rising magma will solidify before it reaches the surface

the rising magma will have a temperature of less than 1100° C when it reaches the surface

the rising magma will become more liquid as it rises towards the surface

the rising magma will have temperature of about 1400°C when it reaches the surface

the rising magma's actual temperature was same as its melting

temperature where it first started melting

Question 38

Bonus Question (2 points)

What is Terry's favorite tree?

bristlecone pine

live oak

ponderosa pine

douglas fir

madrona

Question 39

Bonus Question (2 points)

What crystal system does sphalerite belong to?

cubic

tetragonal

triclinic

monoclinic

hexagonal

Question 40

Bonus Question (2 points)

What clothing item was most often worn by Terry during his live-stream lectures?

Sweaters

Linen shirts

Vests

UW Sweatshirts

Tie-Dyed tee shirts

Question 41

Bonus Question (2 points)

How many lectures has Terry missed this quarter?

1

0

3

2

none of the answers are correct, as I never attend lecture or watch recorded versions