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CS1026: Assignment 3 - Sentiment Analysis

Learning Outcomes:

By completing this assignment, you will gain skills relating to

● Using functions

● Complex data structures

● Text processing

● File input and output

● Exceptions in Python

● Using Python modules

● Testing programs and developing test cases; adhering to specifications

● Writing code that is used by other programs.

Background:

With the emergence of Internet companies such as Google, Facebook, and Twitter, more and more data accessible online is comprised of text. Textual data and the computational means of processing it and extracting information is also increasingly more important in areas such as business, humanities, social sciences, etc. In this assignment, you will deal with textual analysis.

Twitter has become very popular, with many people “tweeting” aspects of their daily lives. This “flow of tweets” has recently become a way to study or guess how people feel about various aspects of the world or their own life. For example, analysis of tweets has been used to try to determine how certain geographical regions may be voting – this is done by analyzing the content, the words, and phrases, in tweets. Similarly, analysis of keywords or phrases in tweets can be used to determine how popular or unpopular a movie might be. This is often referred to as sentiment analysis.  

Task:

In this assignment, you will write a Python module, called sentiment_analysis.py (this is the name of the file that you should use) and a main program, main.py, that uses the module to analyze Twitter information. In the module sentiment_analysis.py, you will create a function that will perform simple sentiment analysis on Twitter data. The Twitter data contains comments from individuals about how they feel about their lives and comes from individuals across the continental United States. The objective is to determine which timezone (Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific; see below for more information on how to do this) is the “happiest”. To do this, your program will need to:

● Analyze each individual tweet to determine a score – a “happiness score” – for the individual tweet.

● The “happiness score” for a single tweet is found by looking for certain keywords (which are given) in a tweet and for each keyword found in that tweet totaling their “sentiment values”. In this assignment, each value is an integer from 1 to 10.

The happiness score for the tweet is simply the sum of the “sentiment values” for keywords found in the tweet divided by the number of keywords found in the tweet.

If there are none of the given keywords in a tweet, it is just ignored, i.e., you do NOT count it.

To determine the words in a tweet, you should do the following:

○ Separate a tweet into words based on white space. A “word” is any sequence of characters surrounded by white space (blank, tab, end of line, etc.).

○ You should remove any punctuation from the beginning or end of the word (do NOT worry about punctuation within a word). So, “#lonely” would become “lonely” and “happy!!” would become “happy”; but “not-so-happy” is just “not-so-happy”.

○ You should convert the “word” into just lower case letters. This gives you a “word” from the tweet.

○ If you match the “word” to any of the sentiment keywords (see below), you add the score of that sentiment keyword to a total for the tweet; you should just do exact matches. For example, if the word “hats” is in the tweet and the word “hat” is a sentiment keyword, then they DO NOT MATCH. Of course, if “hats” is in the list of sentiment keywords, then there is a match.

○ A tweet that has at least 1 matched keyword (exact match) is called a keyword tweet.

● For each region, you should count:

○ the number of tweets in that region, and

○ the number of keyword tweets”. [Note: the number of “keyword tweets” is always less than or equal to the total number of tweets in a region].

● The “happiness score” for a timezone is just the sum of the happiness scores for the all the keyword tweets in the region divided by the number of keyword tweets in that region; again, if a tweet has NO keywords, then it is NOT to be counted as a “keyword tweet” in that timezone, i.e., it is just skipped as a “keyword tweet” but counted in the total number of tweets in that region.

A file called tweets.txt contains the tweets and a file called keywords.txt contains keywords and scores for determining the “sentiment” of an individual tweet. These files are described in more detail below.

File tweets.txt

The file tweets.txt contains the tweets; one per line (some lines are quite long). The format of a tweet is:

   [lat, long] value date time text

where:

● [lat, long] - the latitude and longitude of where the tweet originated. You will need these values to determine the timezone in which the tweet originated.

● value – not used; this can be skipped.

● date – the date of the tweet; not used, this can be skipped.

● time – the time of day that the tweet was sent; not used this can be skipped.

● text – the text in the tweet.

File keywords.txt

The file keywords.txt contains sentiment keywords and their “happiness scores”; one per line. The format of a line is:

   keyword, value

where:

● keyword - the keyword to look for.

● value – the value of the keyword; values are from 1 to 10, where 1 represents very “unhappy” and 10 represents “very happy”.

Determining timezones across the continental United States

Given a latitude and longitude, the task of determining exactly the location that it corresponds to can be very challenging given the geographical boundaries of the United States. For this assignment, we simply approximate the regions corresponding to the timezones by rectangular areas defined by latitude and longitude points. Our approximation looks like:

So the Eastern timezone, for example, is defined by latitude-longitude points p1, p2, p3, and p4. To determine the origin of a tweet, then, one simply has to determine in which region the latitude and longitude of the tweet belongs. The values of the points are:

Note: if the latitude-longitude of a tweet is outside of all these regions, it is to be skipped; if a tweet is on the border between regions, then choose one of the regions.

Functional Specifications:

1. Your module sentiment_analysis.py must include a function compute_tweets that has two parameters. The first parameter will be the name of the file with the tweets and the second parameter will be the name of the file with the keywords. This function will use these two files to process the tweets and output the results. This function should also check to make sure that both files exist and if either does not exist, then your program should generate an exception and the function compute_tweets should return an empty list (see part 1.c below).

a. The function should input the keywords and their “happiness values” and store them in a data structure in your program (the data structure is of your choice).

b. Your function should then process the file of tweets, computing the “happiness score” for each tweet and computing the “happiness score” for each timezone. You will need to read the file of tweets line by line as text and break it apart. The string processing functions in Python are very useful for doing this. Your program should not duplicate code. It is important to determine places that code can be reused and create functions. Your program should ignore tweets from outside the time zones.

c. Your function, compute_tweets, should return a list of tuples:

I. The list should contain the results in a tuple for each of the regions, in order: Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific.

II. Each tuple should contain three values: (average, count_of_keyword_tweets, count_of_tweets), where average is the average “happiness value” of that region, count_of_keyword_tweets is the number of tweets found in that region with keywords and count_of_tweets is the number of tweets found in that region. These values should be in the order specified.

III. Note: if there is an exception from a file name that does not exist, then an empty list should be returned.

2. Your main program, main.py, will prompt the user for the name of the two files – the file containing the keywords and the file containing the tweets. It will then call the function compute_tweets with the two files to process the tweets using the given keywords. Your main program will get the results from compute_tweets and print the results; it should print the results in a readable fashion (i.e., not just numbers).

3. You are also given a program, driver.py, and some test files. The test files are small files of tweets and keywords that driver.py uses to test your program – that is, it will import your program, sentiment_analysis.py, and will make use of the function compute_tweets. The files tweets1.txt and tweets2.txt are small files with tweets and the files key1.txt and key2.txt contain keywords and “happiness values”. The program driver.py will use these to test your function; these files are small enough that you can compute the results by hand to test your program. You should use the program and these files to test your code. Note: while driver.py does some testing, it is your responsibility to design your own test cases to test it thoroughly.

4. An automated testing program will run a number of test cases against your program.

5. Note: For both files, it is advised that when you read in the files you use one of the following open statements to avoid encoding errors: open("fileName.txt","r",encoding="utf-8") or open('fileName.txt', encoding='utf-8', errors='ignore').

Non-functional Specifications:

1. The program should strictly adhere to the input and output requirements and parameters for the function compute_tweets, particularly the order of the parameters.

2. Include brief comments in your code identifying yourself, describing the program, and describing key portions of the code.

3. Assignments are to be done individually and must be your own work. Software may be used to detect academic dishonesty (cheating).

4. Use Python coding conventions and good programming techniques, for example:

● Meaningful variable names

● Conventions for naming variables and constants

● Use of constants where appropriate

● Readability: indentation, white space, consistency

5. You should submit the files main.py and sentiment_analysis.py (others are not required). Make sure you upload your Python file to your assignment; DO NOT put the code inline in the textbox.

Marking of the Assignment:

1. Your program will be executed by an automated testing program. This testing program assumes that:

a. The modules are named main.py, and sentiment_analysis.py.

b. That you are using Python 3.9 and that everything executes in PyCharm Edu.

c. That you have submitted it via OWL by uploading it.

Failure to adhere to these constraints will likely cause the testing program to fail. This may require a remarking of your program which will include a 20% penalty.

2. Is the program named correctly for testing, i.e., is the module correctly named sentiment_analysis.py? Is there a function compute_tweets and are the parameters in the correct order?

● Is there a program main.py which imports and makes use of the module sentiment_analysis.py?

● Does the program behave according to specifications? Does it work on with the test program, driver.py ?

● Is there an effective use of functions beyond compute_tweets ?

● Note: A program like driver.py and other test files will be used to test your program as well.