EEEN40080 Power System Operation Assignment 2
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EEEN40080 Power System Operation
Assignment 2: Locational Marginal Pricing
Section I
A 4 bus locational marginal pricing (LMP) electricity market consists of buses A, B, C and D: bus A is connected to bus B by line 1, bus B is connected to bus C by line 2, bus C is connected to bus D by line 3, and, bus D is connected to bus A by line 4. Lines 1, 2, 3 and 4 have line limits of 65, 95, 70 and 55 MW respectively. In addition, the line reactances are given as X1 = 0.14 pu, X2 = 0.17 pu, X3 = 0.12 pu and X4 = 0.21 pu.
Generator G1 has a capacity of 160 MW, is located at bus B and bids €30/MWh; generator G2 has a capacity of 175 MW, is located at bus C and bids €25/MWh; and, generator G3 has a capacity of 110 MW, is located at bus D and bids €45/MWh.
A 120 MW load is located at Bus A, a 105 MW load is located at bus C and a 85 MW load is located at Bus D.
Assuming a DC load flow model, determine the optimal dispatch subject to all constraints, the power flow on all lines, the locational marginal price at each bus, the revenue for each generator, the payment by each load, and the market surplus using:
a) hand-worked calculations (calculate all Lagrange multipliers), with bus C taken as the reference bus
b) implementation of a GAMS formulation, using the LP solver
Comment in detail on the solution obtained, and the significance of the results from the perspectives of the individual generators and loads, and the system regulator, who is required to ensure fair play for all market participants.
Hint: The GAMS solver only requires the‘problem defining’equalities and constraints to be defined, i.e. it is not necessary to fully replicate the‘hand-worked’approach - the solver will determine the optimal solution.
Hint: The DC approximation is based on the net injection of power (making it a useful variable to introduce for both the hand-worked and GAMS approaches) at each bus.
Hint: The GAMS .lst file will indicate the marginal value of each constraint. Hence, it is possible to calculate the LMP at each bus, depending on how exactly you have formulated the problem in GAMS.
Section II
The LMP electricity market is now expanded to consist of 2 additional buses: bus E is connected to bus A by line 5 with a line limit of 20 MW and reactance X5 = 0.07 pu, and to bus B by line 6 (50 MW, 0.16 pu), while, in addition, bus F is connected to bus C by line 7 (35 MW, 0.15 pu), and to bus D by line 8 (15 MW, 0.21 pu).
Generator G4 has a capacity of 75 MW, is located at bus F and bids €50/MWh. Furthermore, an additional 15 MW load is located at Bus D, a 40 MW load is located at bus E, and a 35 MW load is placed at bus F.
Assuming a DC load flow model, determine the optimal dispatch subject to all the constraints, the power flow on all lines, the locational marginal price at each bus, the revenue for each generator, the payment by each load, and the market surplus through implementation of a GAMS formulation.
Comment on the optimal solution obtained and the significance of the results, particularly considering the perspectives of the individual generators and loads, and the system regulator, in comparison with the original 4-bus system.
Hint: The expanded network consists of 3 distinct loops. Consequently, all line flows can be expressed in terms of a minimum of 3 independent variables.
Hint: If a lossless DC network consists of N buses, only the power injections at N - 1 buses need be defined, since the power injection at the remaining bus will follow as the sum of the power injections at all the other buses.
Section III
An investor plans to build a new power station on the expanded 6 bus network with a capacity of 45 MW and bidding €30/MWh. Potential locations for the new power station are identified at Bus B, Bus D or Bus E.
a) Where should the power station be sited in order to maximise revenue for the investor? b) Where should the power station be sited in order to minimise market surplus?
How is the revenue of the individual generators, and the payments made by the individual loads, affected for the 2 above cases?
Comment on the significance of the solutions obtained from the perspective of the regulator, and make, and justify, your recommendations on what action(s) the system regulator should take.
Section IV
The investor opts not to build a new power station, but instead the network operator considers building a single new line in parallel with one of the existing transmission lines. Potential upgrade options are identified for lines 1, 4, 6 and 7. The new line will have the same reactance and the same rating as the existing line with which it is in parallel.
a) Where should the line be sited in order to minimise the total load payments?
b) Where should the line be sited in order to minimise the total generation revenue?
Comment on the significance of the solutions obtained from the perspectives of the individual loads and generators, and the system regulator.
Submission Instructions
The submission deadline is Friday 8th December 9 pm 2023, and the assignment will carry 15% of the final module mark. The assignment (consisting of a primary report and 4 GAMS files relating to Sections I-IV of the assignment) is to be submitted through Brightspace. Penalties will be imposed for late submissions and for ignoring any of the instructions outlined below.
The primary aspect of your submission is the assignment report which should contain clear formulations, summary results and detailed discursive elements for the assignment.
GAMS files are submitted as supplementary material: they must include explanatory commentary on the implementation of the required constraints and objective function, and must possess a neat layout with clear naming conventions.
Primary submission
. Assignment report – your submission must include a table of contents; a detailed explanation of the formulation (constraints and objective) used in each section is required; pictures of calculations and equations are acceptable, but typed calculations are preferable; all text for the summary of results and discussion sections must be typed.
Supplementary documentation (all GAMS files saved in .txt format)
. Working GAMS file for Section I, Section II, Section III and Section IV
2023-12-04
Locational Marginal Pricing