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LING 101 Fall 2023

Assignment 1

Phonology and Phonetics

Part I (75 points). Motozintla Mocho’ (Mayan) has two variants (dialects). This list is provided with the practical orthograpy followed by the phonetic transcription.

Mocho’ - Variant 1 (Kaufman 1967):

isk'aq	[ɪsk’ɑ̰ qh]	‘nail
aak’	[ʔa̰ a̰k’]	‘to get wet’
kaab’	[kaa̰b’]	‘honey, bee’
k’aa’	[k’ːʔ]	‘bad person’
k’aah	[k’a̰ ah]	‘gallbladder’
k’ah	[k’a̰h]	‘bitter’
kaan	[kaan]	‘snake’
k’ab’	[k’a̰b’]	‘open’
kab’-e	[ka̰b’e]	‘two’
k’aaq	[k’a̰ ɑ̰ qh]	‘chopped up’
k’aax	[k’a̰ aʃ]	‘whistle’
k’aak	[k’a̰ akh]	‘cracked’
kaa’	[kaa̰ ʔ]	‘metate, stone’
kaq	[kɑ̰ qh]	‘red’
k’aq	[k’ɑ̰ qh]	‘flea’
q’aaq’	[q’ɑ̰ ːq’h]	‘fire, fever’
q’aab’	[q’ɑ̰ ːb’]	‘urine’
q’ab’	[q’ɑ̰b’]	‘hand’
a’b’i’	[ʔa̰ ʔb’ḭʔ]	‘to hear’
q’aahaal	[q’ɑ̰ ahaːɬ]	‘slow down’
q’aah	[q’ɑ̰ ah]	‘stick’
quuch	[qʊ̰uʧ]	‘wrinkled’

a) Consonants (30 points):

1. Look at this set of data and focus on the stop sounds.

2. Write down each stop sound you found throughout the list (write down only the

representation of the stop sound, no need to write down complete words; for example, if I ask: how many ejective sounds does the word t’aas [t’a̰ as] ‘witchcraft, sorcery’ have? I would say: 1 stop, the [t’]. How many stops did you find?

3. Identify minimal pairs1 and write them down (complete words) in a separate list showing the contrastive sound(s).

4. How many stops did you find throughout your list of minimal pairs? 5. Which of these stops are in contrastive distribution?

6. Which of these stops are in complementary distribution?

7. State your phonological rules.

b) Vowel (25 points):

1. Look at the vowels now.

2. Write down each vowel you found throughout the list.

3. Identify minimal pairs and write them down (complete words) in a separate list showing the contrastive vowel.

4. How many vowels did you find throughout your list of minimal pairs? 5. Which of these vowels are in contrastive distribution?

6. Which of these vowels are in complementary distribution?

7. State your phonological rules.

c) Phonological process (20 points)

Mocho’ - Variant 2 (Pérez González 2017):

Isk’yaq	[ɪsk’jɑ̰ qh]	‘nail
k’aaq	[k’a̰ ɑ̰ qh]	‘chopped up’
xnaq	[ʃɲɑ̰ qh]	‘sewed, mended ’
k’aak	[k’a̰ akh]	‘cracked’
kyaq	[kjɑ̰ qh]	‘red’
k’yaq	[k’jɑ̰ qh]	‘flea’
nyoqlob’	[ɲo̰ q˺ɬobʔ]	‘shoulder’
nooq	[noo̰ qh]	‘cotton’
kaaqatipiix	[kaɑ̰ qə̰ tipiːʃ]	‘firefly’
q’aaq’	[q’ɑ̰ ɑ̰ q’]	‘fire, fever’
nyiq	[ɲɪ̰qh]	‘corn tamal’
q’yeq	[q’jε̰qh]	‘black’

1. Following the English translation, compare Variant 1 and Variant 2.

2. Explain what happens in Variant 2 that does not happen inVariant 1.

3. If any, state your phonological rule.

Part II (25 points). The following words are in Kaqchikel (Mayan). Data from García Matzar and Rodríguez Guajan 1997)). They are given in phonetic representation.

The symbols [l̥ , r̥ ,̥(w) , and ̥(j)] represent voiceless sounds. You should compare them with the

voiced sounds [l, r, w, j].

1. Where do you find the voiceless sounds?

2. Where do you find the voiced sounds?

3. Are they found in the same environments, or in different environments? 4. How many distinctive sounds do they represent – 4 or 8?

5. Make a statement about the type of phonological process that takes place. 6. State any phonological rule.

[χil̥ ]	‘ear of ripe corn’	[lɨqʰ]	‘clay plate’
[tulul̥ ]	‘zapote (a fruit)’	[ɁalaɁ]	‘young man’
[sal̥waɁtʰ]	‘skin disease’	[ʃk’o̥(l)maɁ̥(j)]	‘it was rolling’
[kɨr̥ ]	‘fish’	[rɨʃ]	‘green’
[pḁ(r) k̥(ij)]	‘Spanish bayonet (plant)’	[pirom]	‘split’
[tewurinɨqʰ]	‘chilled’	[Ɂutiw̥ ]	‘coyote’
[winɨqʰ]	‘people’	[Ɂulew̥ ]	‘land’ [Ɂiwir̥ ] ‘yesterday’
[tew̥ toχ]	‘semi-cold’	[waweɁ]	‘here’
[mo̥(j)]	‘blind’	[jaɁ]	‘water’
[k’o̥(j)]	‘monkey’	[jaɁl̥ ]	‘red’
[k’̥(aj)k’oχ]	‘somewhat bitter’	[ʃk’ojir̥ ]	‘became thin’

Part III. Extra points (10 points): Tseltal (Mayan).

Look at the possession with first (right column), and compare it with the possession for third person (left column).

[sna]	‘his, her, its	house’	[hna]	‘my	house’
[ston]	‘his, her, its	stone	[hton]	‘my	stone ’
[sʦoʦ]	‘his, her, its	blankets’	[hʦoʦ]	‘my	blankets’
[sk’ḭn]	‘his, her, its	party’	[hk’ḭn]	‘my