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Recommended Reading:

https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/17-2-speed-of-soundLinks to an external site.

Task

Your task:

Design an experiment to

1. observe the resonance phenomenon in an open-closed tube; and

2. use the resonance to determine the speed of sound in air at room temperature.

For the lab report: Compare your experimental value with a suitable reference value, and explain your observation.

To determine the speed of sound in air in this lab, you will need to be able to analyse the standing sound wave modes in a column of air. You are provided with tuning forks (at 512 Hz, 1024 Hz and other frequencies), a 56-cm tube, a water-filled cylinder, a retort stand, a tape measure / metre rule, thermometers. You can also ask for other common laboratory equipment or use your own items.

Note:  Students at each table will share one tuning fork at 512 Hz and one tuning fork at 1024 Hz. The whole class also has access to tuning forks at 640, 650, 700 and 768 Hz.

In your planning session, draw displacement and pressure diagrams of at least the first three standing-wave modes of an open-closed tube (m = 1,3,5) and show how you could find the speed of sound from your intended measurements.

By the end of the planning session, summarise the above in your laboratory plan. You will carry out the experiment in small teams on Friday 22 September.

Thinking about the lab report, you should also consider all the factors that would affect the speed of sound in air and consult appropriate literature for reference values.

Further, consider this for your lab report: In a real tube, the displacement antinode does not occur right at the open end of a real open-closed tube, but rather it occurs at approximately 0.6r outside the tube's open end, making the effective length L+0.6r.

The end correction ΔL = 0.6r is independent of the resonance frequency (Raichel 2006).

Reference: Raichel, D. R. The Science and Applications of Acoustics. Ch. 7 (Springer, New York, 2006).Links to an external site.

See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_correctionLinks to an external site.

You must attend BOTH the lab-prep and lab session in order to be eligible to submit the lab.

Key dates

Resources

Essentials

· PHYSICS 120 lab report overview, marking rubric, and guidelines Download PHYSICS 120 lab report overview, marking rubric, and guidelines

· UoA Academic Referencing Resource

· UoA Guidelines on Third Party Assistance in UG and PG Coursework

Report template

· PHYSICS 120 lab report templateDownload PHYSICS 120 lab report template

· Times / Times Roman / Times New RomanLinks to an external site. or Computer ModernLinks to an external site. in 12-point font in single line spacing would be ideal.

· Template and sample from the American Physical SocietyLinks to an external site.

Recommended

· Squires. Chapter 13 ‘Writing a Paper’ in Practical Physics.

· Nature. English Communication for Scientists: Structuring Your Scientific PaperLinks to an external site..

· Nature Education. Effective WritingLinks to an external site..

FAQ

· Students are eligible to submit work for their lab notebook and lab report only if they have completed the relevant experimental lab during enrolled class time on campus.

· The assessment weighting is 7.5 % for the lab report submission.

· Where repeated calculations are carried out, demonstrate a sample calculation in your analysis.

· You can resubmit your work on Canvas until the due time.

Marking rubric

Lab report [10 marks]

· Report organisation and academic English [1 mark]

· Communication of procedures, analysis, decisions [1 mark]

· Application of Physics and analysis methods [3 marks]

· Reporting of measurements and suitable analysis, with consideration of uncertainties [3 marks]

· Critical assessment of sources of error and uncertainty [1 mark]

· Summary of experimental results (including improvement suggestions) [1 mark]

Extra Resources

Essentials

· Data that you and your team collect during the laboratory period.

· Dept. Physics, MIT. Requirements for experimental notebooks.

· Marking rubric (below)

· Academic integrity and referencing

· Third party assistance in UG and PG coursework

Recommended

· UC Museum of Paleontology of the University of California at Berkeley and collaborators.

o What is science?

o How science works. (The process of science is iterative.)

o The core of science: relating evidence with ideas. (How to build scientific arguments.)

· Squires. Practical PhysicsLinks to an external site.. Cambridge University Press.

· Office of Research Compliance and Training, Colombia University. Good laboratory notebook practices.

· Pain. How to keep a lab notebook. Science Magazine.

Why write?

· Writing as a learning tool: The process of writing helps clarify thinking, reflect on learning, encourage critical thinking, and make connections between theory and practice.

· Writing as a means to report scientific progress and facilitate analysis in the community: Watch 'The researcher's articleLinks to an external site.' and read 'Analysis within the scientific community'Links to an external site..

· Writing to build skills for future work communication.

Academic integrity

By completing this assessment, I agree to the following declaration:

I understand the University expects all students to complete coursework with integrity and honesty. I promise to complete all assessment with the same academic integrity standards and values. Any identified form of poor academic practice or academic misconduct will be followed up and may result in disciplinary action.

As a member of the University’s student body, I will complete this assessment in a fair, honest, responsible and trustworthy manner. This means that:

· I declare that this assessment is my own work, except where acknowledged appropriately (e.g., use of referencing).

· I declare that this work has not been submitted for academic credit in another University of Auckland course, or elsewhere.

· I am aware the University of Auckland may use Turnitin or any other plagiarism detecting methods to check my content.

· I will not reproduce the content of this assessment in any domain or in any form where it may be accessed by a third party.

· I declare that I generated the calculations and data in this assessment independently, using only the tools and resources defined for use in this assessment.