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Term Project and Homework Assignments

Returns to Education

ECON 4400

1 Overview

Human Capital, defined as the skills, knowledge, and abilities that an individual possesses, has been a focal point of economic research in labor, development, and political economy—to name a few.  Education and job training are important human capital investments, leading to higher earnings and non-pecuniary benefits. Your ECON 4400 project focuses on the former. You will quantify the returns to human capital, estimating the effect of a year of schooling on an individual’s wage.  While economics has developed sound theoret- ical foundations, empirical work on the return to human capital has been at the center of considerable debate.

As part of your project, you will explore a part of that debate by replicating (approximately, I have simplified the analysis to a degree) the results of Angrist and Krueger (1990) using the 2021 American Community Survey (ACS). I chose this approach to foster critical thinking and deepen econometric knowledge.  Our analysis will also draw upon Bound, Jaeger, and Baker’s (1995) critique of the instrumental variables ap- proach used in Angrist and Kreuger (1990).

Throughout the term, you will complete parts of the analysis and submit each component as a homework assignment. In doing so, I can assist with your learning of econometrics in practice. Additionally, the home- work assignments enable me to address issues with coding or analysis.

For each assignment, you need only to submit what is requested.  You will include the tables created for each assignment with your term project.  A homework assignment will also ask you to introduce, discuss, and explain particular sections of your term project, e.g., data, regression analysis, results, and econometric methodologies. After I return the assignment, you should edit and expand the section following the outline below, addressing any notes or needed corrections.

You will analyze the returns to education and labor force participation at the state level.  Refer to Table 1 to see your assigned state. To download your data file, log on to Carmen, go to Modules, scroll toward the bottom of the page, and download the state data file assigned to you.

2 Paper Requirements and Expectations

You will write a three to four page analysis (not including tables and can be longer if needed) of the returns to education (and of labor force participation) and submit it at the beginning of class on Tuesday, 12/05. The paper will include three tables: a table of summary statistics, labor force participation estimates, and returns to education estimates (see Sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 ). You need to attach your do-file with the paper. If you do not submit a working do-file, you will receive, at most, half credit for this assessment.

Your do-file needs to be cleaned of any redundant or incorrect commands.  The entire do-file needs to be executable. In other words, if you click the execute icon, Stata executes every command without error.

Your write-up of the analysis should follow the below general outline–the sub-items do not need to follow the stated order. At a minimum, you must address each enumerated item. Your writing needs to flow (does not read as an itemized list). Each paragraph must consist of one key idea and includes supportive statements (evidence, results, etc.) of that key idea. Additionally, you need to ensure your writing includes transitions between key ideas (paragraphs).

1.  Introduction

(a)  Discuss the importance and benefit of education in the context of earnings.  For background, read the following papers:

•  “Economic returns to education:  What We Know, What We Don’t Know, and Where We Are Going–Some Brief Pointers” by Dickson and Harmon (2011)

•  “Does Compulsory  School Attendance Affect Schooling and Earnings” by Angrist and Krueger (1990)

•  “Educational Attainment and Quarter of Birth: A Cautionary Tale of LATE” by Barua and Lang (2008)

•  “Problems With Instrumental Variables Estimation When the Correlation Between the In- struments and the Endogenous Explanatory Variable is Weak” by Bound, Jaeger, and Baker (1995)

You can access the papers on Carmen Modules, Articles for Term Project–bottom of the Modules page

2.  Data and Methodology

(a)  Cite and discuss the data used for the analysis

(b)  Discuss the sub-samples used for the analysis, referencing the summary statistics

3.  Labor Force Participation

(a)  State the objective of using regression analysis to explain labor force participation (b)  Include the labor force participation model (see Section 3.2)

(c)  Discuss the OLS and Logistic results

4.  Returns to Education

(a)  Introduce and discuss the wage equation (see Section 3.3)

(b)  Discuss OLS return to education

(c)  Discuss why the OLS estimate for the return to education is biased

(d)  Discuss Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) estimator–how does it address the endogeneity prob- lem?

(e)  Discuss the instrumental variables (see Section 3.4), including the relevancy and validity re- quirements

(f)  Discuss the 2SLS return to education

(g)  Compare and discuss OLS versus 2SLS estimates.  Do the result meet expectations?  Explain (Hint: why is OLS biased?)  Discuss the F-statistic from the test for weak instruments.  What insights does the test provide regarding the results?

5.  Discussion and Conclusion

2.1 Paper Formatting

Font: 11pt Times New Roman font

Margins: One-inch margins (top, bottom, left, and right)

Line spacing: 1.5 lines

Start of new paragraph: Indent (no additional spacing between paragraphs)

Text Alignment: justified

Make sure to include your first and last name on the paper

References and Citations - Chicago Style If you choose to support an argument by drawing on the work of other scholars, you need to follow the below citation and reference style (Chicago).  When you cite an article or research paper, you must include a reference section with your paper.

Citation and reference examples:

In-text citation

Reference list

Author Year

First authors last name, first authors first name, second authors first and last names, third authors first and last name, . . . , and last authors first and last name. Year of publications.  “Title of article.” Title of Journal, volume number(issue/number, or date/month of publication if volume and issue are absent): page numbers (if any).

Example - Parenthetical

(Tesseur 2022)

Tesseur, W. 2022. Translation as inclusion? An analysis of international NGOs’ translation policy documents.” Language Problems and Language Planning, 45(3): 261–283.

Example - Narrative

Piketty and Saez (2003)

Piketty, Thomas, and Emmanuel Saez.  2003.  “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913–1998.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1): 1–41.

2.2 Stata Do-File

You will generate one do-file for this project.  Each assignment will have you add to your code document (do-file).  You must save your do-file at each step of the project (I recommend saving it regularly when working on an assignment). Separate each part using asterisks. For example:

********************

**ECON  4400  Project:    Name  -  Assigned  State

********************

********************

**Homework  1  -  Summary  Statistics

. . .code  here . . .

********************

********************

**Homework  2  -  Labor  Force  Participation

. . .code  here . . .

********************

********************

**Homework  3  -  OLS  Returns  to  Education

. . .code  here . . .

********************

********************

**Homework  4  -  2SLS  Returns  to  Education

. . .code  here . . .

********************

2.3 Data Assignments

Table 1: Data Assignments for Term Project (and Homework Assignments)

Name

State FIP

State

Azimi, Hassina

20

Kansas

Backlin, Will

6

California

Bian, Shuo

16

Idaho

Bodnar, Andrew

9

Connecticut

Brady, Alex

12

Florida

Carroll, Jack

4

Arizona

Cavanagh, Devin

15

Hawaii

Cervantes Lopez, Diego

39

Ohio

Chu, Shirley

55

Wisconsin

Cowan, Ben

25

Massachusetts

Dallin, Abdul

12

Florida

DeMarco, Jill

25

Massachusetts

Deng, Peter

31

Nebraska

Doumet, Daniel

27

Minnesota

Dudek, Alli

19

Iowa

Dunlap, Joe

51

Virginia

Earls, Claire

24

Maryland

Ellis, Sydney

27

Minnesota

Fang, Junjie

24

Maryland

Gardner, Luke

44

Rhode Island

To be Continued

Name

State FIP

State

Greenwalt, Jack

26

Michigan

Guo, Geyang

51

Virginia

Guzzo, Patrick

36

New York

Halkatti, Anirudh

4

Arizona

Healy, Caroline

44

Rhode Island

Hernandez, Angelina

42

Pennsylvania

Huang, Longji

9

Connecticut

Knapp, Jenna

17

Illinois

Koontz, Kyle

13

Georgia

Kramer, David

5

Arkansas

Kratt, Peter

45

South Carolina

Lang, Lionel

31

Nebraska

Liu, Chunlin

45

South Carolina

Maxamod, Caisha

39

Ohio

McNary, Ross

9

Connecticut