4.          Identify the incorrect statement.

☐   International law is about agreements made between private individuals.

☐   Contract law concerns private agreements giving rise to legally enforceable rights and obligations.

☐   Criminal law concerns the prohibition and punishment by the state of conduct considered harmful to the general community.

5.          Identify the incorrect statement.

☐   Legal meanings refer to the particular meaning or significance that words or phrases have in a specific area of law.

☐   Legal  meanings  refer  to  the  ordinary   meaning  of  words   used  in  a   legal document.

☐  The specific legal meaning of a word may differ from its ordinary meaning.

6.          Identify the incorrect statement.

☐  The Commonwealth Constitution is a written document formally enacted as law.

☐  The Commonwealth Constitution can be amended as long as the approval of

both the Prime Minister and Governor-General is obtained.

☐  Australian state constitutions are written documents formally enacted as law.

☐  A  change  to  the  Commonwealth   Constitution   requires  the   consent   of Australian voters in a national referendum.

7.          Identify the correct statement.

☐  The head of the Commonwealth of Australia and of the states, Queen Elizabeth II, is democratically elected.

☐  Australian governments are elected periodically by gaining the support of a majority of voters at elections.

☐   Local  governments  generally  have  responsibility  for  matters  of  national importance.

8.          Who elects the Prime Minister of Australia? Choose the correct answer.

☐ The members of the House of Representatives

☐   The members of the High Court

☐ The political party forming the government of the day

☐   Voters at a general election

9.          In which branch of government does the Prime Minister of Australia belong? Choose the correct answer.

☐ The Courts

☐  The Senate

☐  The Executive

10.       Which one of the following statements about the  legislative  power of the Commonwealth is correct?

☐  The Commonwealth is given its legislative power by the state constitutions.

☐  The Commonwealth has legislative power only in relation to specified matters listed in the Commonwealth Constitution.

☐  There are no matters in relation to which the Commonwealth has exclusive powers to legislate.

11.       Which one of the following statements about the legislative power of the states is incorrect?

☐   State parliaments derive their power to legislate from their state constitutions.

☐   State parliaments only have legislative power in relation to specified matters listed in their state constitutions.

☐   State   governments    share    some   of    their    legislative    power   with    the Commonwealth government and so have a concurrent power in relation to those shared matters.

12.       Which one of the following statements about Australian parliaments is incorrect?

☐  The upper House of the Victorian legislature is called the Legislative Council.

☐  The upper House of the Queensland legislature is called the Legislative Council.

☐   In  New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and Western Australia the lower Houses  are  called  Legislative  Assemblies,  whereas  in  South  Australia  and Tasmania they are called Houses of Assembly.

☐  The  lower  House  of  the  Commonwealth  legislature  is  called  the  House  of Representatives and the upper House is called the Senate.

13.        Identify the correct statement.

☐  A validly enacted Commonwealth law prevails overstate law, but only to the

extent that the state law is inconsistent with the Commonwealth law.

☐  A validly enacted state law prevails over Commonwealth Law, but only to the

extent that the Commonwealth law is inconsistent with the state law.

☐  The Commonwealth Parliament has an unlimited power to legislate for the wellbeing of all Australians.

14.       Which one of the following is not a type of law created by judges when they decide cases?

☐  Case law

☐   Statute

☐ Common law

☐   General law

15.       Which one of the following laws is not made in the form of legislation?

☐  An Act

☐ General law

☐   Statute

☐   By-laws or local laws

16.        Identify the correct statement.

☐  A proposal for a new law is initiated by parliamentary counselor draftspeople and presented to cabinet.

☐  The completed draft of proposed legislation is called an “Act” .

☐   Parliamentary  counsel/draftspeople  prepare a draft of proposed law at the request of the Minister and after any policy issues are settled by cabinet.

☐  A Bill must be reviewed by the High Court before it can be introduced into the legislature.

17.       After a Bill is introduced into a legislature, when is it debated? Choose the correct answer.

☐ At the first reading stage of the Bill.

☐  At the second reading stage of the Bill.

☐  At the third reading stage of the Bill.

18.        Identify the incorrect statement.

☐  An Act always becomes operational the day after it receives Royal assent.

☐  A Bill becomes an Act after receiving Royal assent but will not be operational until the commencement date.

☐   Approval by the Crown of laws passed by an Australian legislature is, by convention, usually only a formality.

19.       The citation of an Act contains three important elements. What are they? Choose the correct answer.

☐ The name of the Act, its purpose and commencement date.

☐  The name of the Act, its date of Royal assent and object.

☐  The name of the Act, the year it was enacted and an abbreviated reference of the legislature that enacted it.

20.        Look at the following citation:

Adoption Act 1984 (Vic).

What is the most accurate statement about this citation?

☐  The Governor of Queensland has given Royal assent to this law.

☐  This is an Act of the Victorian Parliament, enacted in 1984,relating to adoption.

☐  This is a Bill passed by the Victorian Parliament awaiting Royal assent.

Questions 21 - 28 refer to the legislative excerpt below. Read the legislative excerpt below and then answer the questions.

Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act 1992 (Cth)

3 Object

(1)  This Act is intended to limit the exposure of the public to

messages and images that may persuade them:

(a)  to start smoking, or to continue smoking; or

(b)  to use, or to continue using, tobacco products.

(2)           The object is to improve public health.

…

9 Meaning of tobacco advertisement

Basic meaning

(1)      Subject to this section, for the purposes of this Act,a tobacco

advertisement is any writing, still or moving picture, sign,

symbol or other visual image, or any audible message, or any

combination of 2 or more of those things, that gives publicity to, or otherwise promotes or is intended to promote:

(a)  smoking; or

(b)  the purchase or use of a tobacco product or a range of

tobacco products; or

(c)  the whole or apart of a trademark that is registered under the Trade Marks Act 1955 in respect of goods that are or

include tobacco products.

…

13 Tobacco advertisements not to be broadcast

(1)  A person must not broadcast a tobacco advertisement in

Australia or Norfolk Island on or after 1 July 1993 otherwise than as permitted by section 14.

14 Accidental or incidental broadcast permitted

A person may broadcast a tobacco advertisement if:

(a)  the person broadcasts the advertisement as an accidental or incidental accompaniment to the broadcasting of other matter; and

(b) the person does not receive any director indirect benefit

(whether financial or not) for broadcasting the advertisement (in addition to any director indirect benefit that the person receives for broadcasting the other matter).

…

26A        Broadcast or publication of advertisements during flights of

aircraft

It is not an offence against this Act to broadcast or publish a tobacco

advertisement in an aircraft during a flight of the aircraft unless the

flight begins at a place in Australia and is intended to end at another place in Australia.

21.       Big  TV  Station (BTV) broadcasts a popular Sydney  tennis  tournament.  A number of spectators in the crowd wear caps prominently displaying the registered  trade  mark  of Big Cigarette Manufacturer (BCM). During  the broadcast,  whenever   the TV cameras show  the players serving,  these spectators are also visible on screen. Has BTV breached section 13 of the Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act 1992 (Cth) by broadcasting the caps (and trade  marks)  on  screen?  Choose  the  answer  that best reflects  the legal position on this issue.

☐  Yes, because the broadcast footage gave publicity to a registered trademark in respect of goods that are  tobacco products.

☐  Yes, because the broadcast footage would promote smoking and so would be detrimental to public health.

☐   No, because the tobacco advertising by BTV was only an accidental or incidental accompaniment to its broadcast of the tennis tournament.

22.        Referring to the facts in question 21 above, would your answer be different if BCM had entered into a contractual arrangement with BTV under which it paid BTV a fixed sum on each occasion the spectators with caps bearing its trade mark were shown during the broadcast? Choose the answer that best reflects the legal position on this issue.

☐  Yes, because BTV would be receiving a financial benefit for the footage.

☐   No, because the footage showing spectators wearing caps with BCM’s name

would still only be incidental to the broadcast of the tennis tournament.

☐   No, because people are unlikely to be persuaded to smoke because of

commercial arrangements between TV stations and tobacco manufacturers.

23.       John owns a large empty block of property on a main  road.   Thousands of cars drive by each day. Big Cigarette Manufacturer (BCM) offers John $5000 if John is prepared to allow them to build a large statue at the front of the property, facing the main road, that could be seen by traffic.   The statue would be of an opened packet of BCM cigarettes.  John agrees to allow the statue to be built on his property for the agreed fee.   Has John contravened the Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act? Choose the best answer.

☐  A key question will be whether the statue falls within the definition of

‘tobacco advertisement’ within section 9 of the Act.  Using the literal and

purpose approaches to statutory interpretation, it is likely that the statue

would fall within the definition of ‘sign, symbol or other visual image’ and it is therefore possible that John has breached section 13 of the Act by allowing

the statue to be built on his property.

☐  A key question will be whether the statue falls within the definition of

‘tobacco advertisement’ within section 9 of the Act.  This is a rare case in

which the golden rule of statutory interpretation would be applied, to ensure that the word ‘symbol’ was defined so as to include a statue.  Therefore, it is  possible that John has breached section 13 of the Act by allowing the statue   to be built on his property.

☐  This will depend on whether the statue falls within the definition of ‘tobacco advertisement’ within section 9 of the Act and whether John accidentally

‘broadcasted’ the statue under section 14 of the Act.  While it is likely that

the statue falls within the definition, in this case, as John had no intention of   promoting smoking, and does not appear to have received a financial benefit, there has been no breach of section 13.

24.       The broadcast of a tobacco advertisement takes place on a direct flight from Melbourne to  Shanghai.  Has  an  offence  against  the Tobacco  Advertising Prohibition Act been committed? Choose the answer that best reflects the legal position on this issue.

☐  Yes, because the tobacco advertising is still damaging the health of people

who have been in or are connected with Australia.

☐  Yes, because the advertisement is a tobacco advertisement.

☐   No, because the Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act is not contravened in situations where a tobacco advertisement occurs on a flight that starts in  Australia and is scheduled to land outside Australia.

25.       Refer  to  the Tobacco Advertising  Prohibition Act  1992 (Cth) again. Which Australian legislature passed this statute?

☐ The New South Wales legislature

☐  The Victorian legislature

☐  The Commonwealth legislature

26.        Recall the “purpose” section in section 3 of the Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act. Identify the incorrect statement about this section.

☐   It outlines the broad objectives of the Act as a whole.

☐ It is just a general, aspirational statement which has no legal significance.

☐   It is potentially helpful in interpreting ambiguous provisions in the Act.

27.       If the government wished to amend the Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act, how could this be done? Choose the correct answer.

☐   By the enactment of legislation in the Commonwealth Parliament amending

the Act and then seeking Royal assent for the legislation.

☐ By having changes to the Act passed by the House of Representatives.

☐   By seeking a ruling from the High Court.

28.       When judges  have to decide  on the  meaning of legislation, they rely on a number of legal rules to assist them. Which one of the following is not such arule?

☐   Start by giving words in legislation their ordinary and natural meaning.

☐   Words in legislation need not be given their ordinary meaning if this produces an absurd result.

☐   Words in legislation are to be construed consistently with the overall purpose

or underlying objective the legislation is intended to achieve.

☐   Words in legislation must always be interpreted so as to produce a fair result.

29.       When judges decide cases they sometimes create new precedents. Which one of the following is not one of the ways in which they do this?

☐   By declaring a rule originating in natural law to be apart of Australian law for the first time.

☐ By clarifying the meaning of an existing law that is unclear or ambiguous.

☐   By extending the application of the law to a new kind of case.

☐   By following established principle in a case.

30.        Identify the correct statement.

☐   Common law and equity can be collectively referred to as “statutory law” . ☐  All Australian courts apply the rules of both equity and the common law.

☐   In Australia, there are separate common law courts and courts of equity.

☐   No courts in Australia apply the rules of both the common law and equity when deciding cases.

31.       What is the main difference between civil cases and criminal cases?

☐  Civil cases are always conducted in a polite way, whereas criminal cases are not.

☐   In civil cases courts punish those found guilty of breaching the criminal law, whereas in criminal cases they generally award damages.

☐   In civil cases courts provide a remedy for the breach of a legal right, whereas   in criminal cases they punish those found guilty of breaching the criminal law.

32.        Identify the correct statement.

☐  A case coming before a court for the first time is known as an “original” or first hearing.

☐   In “original hearings”, the courts are called upon to be decide cases which involve a novel issue of law.

☐  A decision of a higher court may only be appealed against in a lower court if both courts are in the same court hierarchy.

☐   The closing argument of a lawyer before the court makes its decision is known as an “appeal” hearing.

33.       What does the date in the highlighted line in the page shown below signify?

口 The date the proceeding was first commenced.

The date judgment was given.

The date the court heard argument from counsel.

The date of the appeal to the High Court.

34.       Consider the citation for Cohen  v Cohen (1929) 42  CLR 91. What does the number “91” in the citation indicate?

☐ The total number of pages in the volume in which the judgment is reported.

☐  The total number of pages in which the judgment is reported.

☐  The page number the judgment commences in the volume of the Commonwealth Law Reports containing the judgment.

☐  The volume number of the Commonwealth Law Reports in which the judgment is found.