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B6300: Corporate Finance

Exemption Exam

BIO-TECH, INC.

In November 1974, Mr. William Montgomery, vice president of finance of Bio-Tech, Inc., faced two financial decisions. One concerned the amount and timing of investment to be made in new production facilities for the rapidly expanding Laboratory Products Group (LPG). The second concerned a possible sale of Bio-Tech's more slowly growing Consumer Products Group (CPG). An unsolicited offer to buy the group for $25 million had recently been received from General Drug, Inc., a well-known proprietary drug manufacturer. The offer was believed to have been motivated by the latter's desire to make more profitable use of its strong national distribution organization.

The need for an early decision on both matters had fortuitously thrown their analysis into the context of Mr. Montgomery's long-range financial planning. Bio-Tech's internally stated goal was to double sales and income in approximate five-year periods, and long-range planning had come to be accepted as a necessary and valuable activity in furthering that objective. Each product group was expected to review and update its current five-year plan at yearly intervals as part of the company's regular budgeting routine. The plans were then sent to the headquarters' financial staff to be consolidated and reviewed, and it was Mr. Montgomery's responsibility to prepare a matching financial plan for the company as a whole.

The plans which had been submitted for 1975-79 showed that new financing would be required each year in large and ever-growing amounts. The plans did not take account, however, of the questions which only recently had been raised concerning the investment to be made in LPG's production facilities and the possible sale of the Consumer Products Group. Each of these decisions involved amounts which were large enough to cause substantial adjustment of the first estimates of external financing needs and thus, perhaps, of the types of financing to he recommended. In that sense, each decision had a direct bearing on the financial plan which Mr. Montgomery was expected to present to Bio-Tech's president in the coming week.

The company

Bio-Tech began business  as  the Ferguson  Supply  Company  in  1921  in  Bridgeport,  Connecticut. Initially, the company specialized in the manufacture and sale of rubber surgical gloves. Business was profitable and the company soon began to diversify into other fields of medical and laboratory supplies. Product lines were added through acquisitions and, more importantly as time went on, the development of a respectable in-house research and development capability. In 1958, the firm's name was changed to Bio- Tech to better identify the nature of its business and the fact that internally developed products were beginning to contribute to the rapid development of the fields which the company was supplying. Two years later, the company had its first (and so far its only) public offering of common stock.

In  the  mid-1960s,  Bio-Tech  was  formally  divided  into  operating  divisions  or  "groups"  so  that management  responsibilities  could  be  more  effectively  defined  in  terms  of  markets   served  and distribution channels used. Three groups were established: medical products, laboratory products, and consumer products. This organization was continued, and some indication of the variety of products sold by each group in 1974 is indicated by the listings in Exhibit 1. All of the lines together included several thousand individual products.

The product lines which contributed most to Bio-Tech's rapid growth over the past five years had grown out of the research and development (R&D) group's persistent interest in the disposable-item concept.  The  group  was  successful  in  developing  new  manufacturing  and  sterilizing  and  packaging techniques, for example, which permitted plastic to be substituted for many of the staple glass and metal items  in  use  in  every  laboratory  and  hospital  and  doctor's  office  in  the  country.  Disposable  plastic products had the advantage of lower user cost, convenience, and prepackaged sterility.

Research and development had also been supported to make sure that the company's products were not made obsolete by the rapid progress of medical technology. Old products were continuously being replaced by new ones in the industry, and Bio-Tech's officers had little confidence in the protection which patents could provide against innovators and determined imitators. Lead time and efficient manufacturing and  skilled  marketing were  far  more  important  in their view,  and Bio-Tech had  gained a respected reputation for its capabilities in each field. Financial statements showing Bio-Tech's asset and sales and income growth over the past three years are presented in Exhibits 3 and 4. A ten-year review of selected financial data is shown in Exhibit 2. The growth of demand for medical and laboratory supplies had created  intense competition  among  established  manufacturers  in  those  fields.  Many  were  financially stronger and larger than Bio-Tech. Additional competition had been created by the backward integration of a number of medical distributors and by the entry of aggressive foreign companies into some product fields. Bio-Tech's success, therefore, was probably best measured by the fact that market share had been gained in its principal m edical and laboratory products fields. Furthermore, this trend was expected to continue. The operating plans of the Medical and Laboratory Products Groups projected 10% and 12% growth in real terms for the 1975-79 period (19% an d 21% in nominal terms with 8% inflation [Exhibit 5]).

Capital expenditures in the Laboratory Products Group

The rapid growth in sales achieved by LPG had exhausted plant capacity in some major product lines (disposable culture dishes, disposable laboratory ware), and a proposal to expand production facilities for those lines had been approved some months earlier, apart from the year's regular budget. Bio-Tech owned a suitable site for the plant in West Haven, Connecticut, and it was anticipated, therefore, that plant construction and equipment installation could be completed in 1975. The planned building was expected to cost $5 million and provide space for projected production requirements through 1979. The specialized machinery needed to provide such production capacity was estimated to cost $10 million. Approval of the project had therefore been viewed as a commitment to spend $15 million in 1975.

The decision to rethink that plan had been prompted by some questioning of the reality of the 8% inflation  assumption  built  into  all  of  the  company's  investment  and  purchase  planning  and   some questioning of the wisdom of building excess capacity so far in advance of its probable utilization. Deferral of part of the expenditure would have the further advantage of easing Bio-Tech's immediate financing problem.

Upon additional investigation, LPG's general manager found that the required specialized equipment could be purchased and installed in two steps. The first step would cost a total of $10 million, of which $5 million would be the cost of the building itself, and would provide for projected capacity production needs through 1977. Additional machinery needed to satisfy the projected growth of demand in 1978 and 1979 was estimated to cost $6 million (in 1974 prices). The equipment manufacturers were not willing to speculate on their own products' future price increases, and they were not willing to contract for future equipment sales without fully escalating cost- and profit-covering price contracts. The decision therefore concerned both the timing and amount of future outlays.

In both cases, there was acknowledged risk in building capacity ahead of market growth because the economic life of the equipment was most likely to be set by the pace of product technology not by the physical durability of the equipment. Mr. Montgomery was well aware that the Laboratory Products Group had consistently had more difficulty in predicting future demand than, had the company's other two groups.

Sale of the Consumer Products Group

Mr. Montgomery's second decision, as noted, concerned the possible sale of CPG to General Drugs, Inc. The group manufactured and sold such products as reusable and disposable insulin syringes and needles, thermometers, and elastic bandages. Although the sale of CPG had not been under consideration prior to  General's  offer,  Bio-Tech's president was  somewhat  dissatisfied  with  CPG's performance  in recent years. Unit sales had grown only marginally over the past five years. Disposable products had demonstrated steady sales growth, but that had been offset by falling sales in other product lines. In addition, CPG's profit margin was not only smaller than the margins of the other divisions but also smaller than the margins achieved by firms competing in CPG's product markets, and the expected long term sales growth was only 5%.

While the Medical Products and Laboratory Products Groups achieved economies through shared distribution channels, CPG's products were marketed through separate channels. When Mr. Montgomery had questioned CPG's ability to utilize these channels as efficiently as its larger competitors, CPG's general manager had replied that he did not think that his group's marketing was ineffective nor did he believe that it was fair to judge CPG by comparison with the other two divisions which competed in markets characterized by much greater profit and growth potential and much higher risk. CPG's lower margins could be justified by the stability of its operations. Unlike the other groups which depended on a continuous stream of new products, CPG was relatively immune from the effects of an unproductive year or two in R&D. The uncertainty created by increasingly stringent federal standards for new products was also  absent  in  CPG.  The  general  manager  of  CPG  also  believed  the  company's  internal  accounting practices unfairly penalized the  operating results  of his  division.  Bio-Tech's R&D activities,  costing almost $11 million per year, were centralized in a major facility in Virginia. While CPG clearly benefited from these expenditures, many of the group's products were just by-products of Bio-Tech's basic R&D effort. He questioned the reasonableness of allocating corporate expenditures for R&D to each of the three groups according to their relative sales. For CPG, the $2.1 million charge in 1974 was substantial in relation to profits.

However,  although  Mr.  Montgomery  agreed  that  CPG  used  only  the  by-products  of  the  main research, he understood that if CPG were sold, Bio-Tech could sell the by-product research ideas for approximately the same amount as the R&D expense that was currently allocated to CPG.  Thus, CPG would have to spend a similar amount in order to get new products to sell were it separated from Bio- Tech.

Mr.  Montgomery  believed  that  General's   strategy  was  to  use  its  excess  cash  to  purchase complementary product  lines which  could be marketed  immediately by  General's  strong  distribution organization. Since CPG seemed to fit that description, Mr. Montgomery had hoped initially to persuade General to raise its $25 million offer. That had proved impossible, however, in the prevailing climate of low stock market price-earnings ratios.

Consideration at the last board meeting of the possible sale of CPG had sparked a spirited discussion. Some board members questioned the liquidation of such a large portion of Bio-Tech. Years of work had been directed toward building the company. Was it now to be dismantled? And what were the action's longer-term policy implications? Other members reopened the question of CPG's role in the future of Bio- Tech. All members expressed concern about the effect of a sale on Bio-Tech's financial statements and stock price. For one thing, it was pointed out that the sale of CPG for $25 million would create a book loss of more than $13.8 million.

Nevertheless, Mr. Montgomery felt that General's offer merited very serious consideration as it would provide funds needed to finance the strong growth of the Medical and Laboratory Products Groups. The meeting was finally closed on the promise that Mr. Montgomery would present his evaluation of the pros and cons of a sale at the next board meeting.

Financing alternatives

Mr. Montgomery and his staff, with the help of the firm's investment banker, had been investigating a variety of financing sources. Unfortunately, the financial markets appeared in November to be in a state of considerable turmoil. The bank prime rate had hit a peak of 12% in late  September, the 30-year government bond was at 7.25%, and as a result of the inverted yield curve the 3 month T-bill was at 8%. The AAA corporate bonds appeared to have topped out in early October and were now at 9.25%. On the other hand, Baa corporate rates, for medium debt/capital ratio companies, had not yet shown a downturn and were at  12%.   And  B  corporate  rates were  14%,  so the highly leveraged  companies faced large interest payments. Conditions in the stock market were also confused. As of November, the Standard & Poor's Index of 500 Stocks was down to about 70, which was 35% under its 1972 peak of 109. Although the stock market had risen slightly in November, it was again demonstrating signs of weakness.


In this environment of very tight bank credit, historically high long-term interest rates, lack of market access for low-rated firms, and a depressed stock market, Mr. Montgomery was forced to choose among a limited set of feasible financing options. Although he knew of firms which had been forced out of the market in recent months by unforeseen adverse conditions, his best estimate was that at the current time the following financing options would be open to Bio-Tech:

1.   Up to $40 million on a two-year bank credit agreement at the prime rate (just lowered to 11% on

November 4). The balance outstanding at the end of two years then would become payable in full at the end of the third year. This option would require: (a) a compensating balance of 10% of the line;  (b) a minimum current ratio of 2.0; (c) a minimum working capital position (current assets less current liabilities) of $80 million; (d) a maximum ratio of total debt (short- and long-term) to net worth of 0.5; and (e) a limit on cumulative post-1974 dividends to 25% of cumulative post-1974 profit after taxes (excluding any loss on sale of CPG).

2.   A $30 million to $60 million issue of 25-year debentures at a coupon rate of 9.5%, noncallable except for sinking fund purposes for 10 years, with fully amortizing sinking fund payments running from the 6th through the 25th year. Restrictions would be the same as under the bank credit agreement, with minor variations.

3.   A $30 million to $45 million common stock issue at an estimated price of $30 per share with net proceeds to the company of $27 per share (current stock price, $32).

In addition to these three, Mr. Montgomery had considered the possibility of a convertible debenture. However,  a  quick  investigation  revealed  almost  no  market  for  such  securities  as  of  late   1974. Furthermore, he was interested in the financing terms he might be able to obtain on one or more of the financing options in subsequent years. Although no one could forecast the exact future terms, he did have some assurance at least that these three options would be available to Bio-Tech in a future round of financing in 1976.

Bio-Tech's last major long-term financing had taken place in 1968. In that year the company had sold $45 million of 15-year 6% debentures to a group of three insurance companies. Sinking fund payments of $5 million per year were scheduled to begin in  1975 (Exhibit 7). The company's only other financing arrangement of importance was a $15 million line of credit with its banks. The line had not been drawn upon  until  mid-1974,  when   $12.3  million  was  taken   down  to   finance   increased  working  capital requirements. That amount remained outstanding in November (Exhibit 4).

Any final financing plan would have to be consistent with management's strong concern over its year- to-year pattern of earnings per share. The family of one of the company's founders was intent on selling a substantial portion of its holdings, and a strong stock price would be an important facilitating condition.

*  *  *  *  *

The material which Mr. Montgomery had obtained from his staff for use in preparing his report included the following exhibits in the attached file:

Exhibits 1-4:

Bio-Tech's financial statements for recent years.

Exhibit 5:

Past and projected financial data, by groups.

Exhibits 6-7:

Projected financial statements for Bio-Tech — including Consumer Products Group.

Exhibit 8:

Consumer Products Group's assets.

Exhibit 9:

Information on other medical products companies.

Appendix:

Research report -- outlook for medical products industry. (See below)

APPENDIX

OUTLOOK FOR THE MEDICAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY: RESEARCH UPDATE

by

Grim, Turcotte, Rotz and Shoemaker, Inc.


The recent reports from some firms in the medical products industry that orders have slowed recently do not call for a revision of our optimistic outlook for the industry over the next five years. We expect a   very modest slowdown in sales growth for 1975. This is primarily, due to cash-short hospitals attempting to cutback inventories to the lowest possible levels. Hospital admissions continue their increase in 1975; the problem is not a shortage of patients but their ability to pay their bills. The proposal, now being considered in the U.S. Senate, to appropriate funds to continue expiring health care benefits for laid-off workers should help ameliorate some of the potential cash flow crises.

Earnings prospects for the medical products industry are excellent. We continue to project an average growth in earnings of 15% for the next five years - which compares favorably with the average growth

rate of 12% experienced by the industry in the 1965 to 1974 period. Continued strength in overseas earnings will contribute to this growth, as will continued extensions of private and public insurance programs in the United States, especially Medicare and Medicaid.

Table 1 (below) presents the five year earnings outlook for the five major medical products companies which were reviewed in our research report of last month.

Table 1

MEDICAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY OUTLOOK

 

Company

Projected

1975- 1980

EPS Growth Rate

Actual

1965- 1974

EPS Growth Rate

Recent

P/E Ratio

American Hospital Supply

14.0%

15.5%

19

Abbott Laboratories

13.5%

9.0%

12

Baxter Laboratories

19.0%

19.0%

24

Becton-Dickinson

13.5%

14.5%

16

Johnson & Johnson

15.5%

20.5%

28

Industry average

15.1%

12.1%

20