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Econometrics 220:322:H1

Asynchronous Online Course

1 Course Objectives

Econometrics is the application of a specific method in the general eld of eco- nomic science in an effort to achieve numerical results and to [falsify] economic theorems.  It consists in the application of mathematical economic theory and statistical procedures to economic data in order to establish numerical results in the field of economics and to [falsify] economic theorems.

G . Tintner, Econometrics (1952)

This quote by Tintner, one of the pioneers of econometrics, summarizes the thrust of this course:  to use both mathematical and statistical tools to analyze data to falsify economic theories.  Economic theories, like those in any science, offer little value to the advancement of the science or help in policy formulation if they contradict reality. The theories must be tested with data.  Don’t be mislead, however, into believing that this is just an academic issue. The testing of theories and the use of econometrics is very important in the business, government, and legal sectors as examples used in this course will illustrate. This course is concerned with general methodologies for testing economic theories and obtaining numerical results in a wide range of areas.

1.1 General Objectives

The general objectives for the course are to. . .

1. provide you with a more detailed introduction to statistical concepts than normally acquired in a basic statistics course;

2. provide you with an understanding of data analysis applicable to economic problems;

3. provide you with the basics of econometric  analysis focusing on the least squares methodology for single explanatory and multiple explanatory variables;

4. provide you with an understanding of the issues and pitfalls involved in testing theories;

5. expose you to the use of a computer package for analyzing data;

6. allow you to apply the techniques learned in the course to lab assignments;

7. make policy recommendations (private and public) based on econometric evidence.

1.2 Specic Objectives

Specific objectives are to instruct you in. . .

1. the formulation and specification of an empirical economic model;

2. data collection, interpretation, organization, and analysis for economics;

3. fundamental statistical and probability concepts used in econometric analysis;

4. the desirable properties of estimators;

5. the key Classical Assumptions of econometrics and their significance;

6. the principle of least squares analysis;

7. the properties of least squares estimators;

8. the interpretation of key statistics and diagnostics typically generated by software;

9. the effects of the violations of the Classical Assumptions;

10. the verification of the Classical Assumptions;

11. the correction of Classical Assumptions violations;

12. the identification of special situations such as endogeneity;

13. the existence of a regression family” for a handling a host of real world problems including non-linearities;

14. extensions to the regression family” to handle important special cases such as discrete choice problems;

15. the use of econometric software in a lab setting.

1.3 Departmental Objectives

The Economics Department has established its own department-wide objectives for Econo- metrics 322:

Students who successfully complete Econ 322 should be comfortable with basic statistics and probability.  They should be able to use a statistical/econometric computer package to estimate an econometric model and be able to report the results of their work in a non-technical and literate manner. In particular a stu- dent who successfully completes Econ 322 will be able to estimate and interpret linear regression models and be able to distinguish between economic and statis- tical importance.  They should be able to critique reported regression results in applied academic papers and interpret the results for someone who is not trained as an economist.

No matter which econometrics section you are in, the course material will be fundamentally the same.

1.4 Course Emphasis

Emphasis is on a combination of the mathematical development of econometric tools and their application to data. The applications are in lab sessions in which you will be instructed in using an econometrics computer package and asked to solve problems using that package. The problems consist of a combination of exercises to. . .

1. analyze data both graphically and statistically;

2. estimate equations and test assumptions of the estimates;

3. recommend policy;

4. manipulate features of the computer package.

1.5 At the End

At the end of the semester, you will be expected to. . .

1. address all the Leading Questions from Lecture 2;

2. manipulate features of a computer package;

3. interpret econometric software output;

4. identify problems with an estimated econometric model;

5. identify and apply xes to an econometric model if a problem exists;

6. answer a major question about an estimated econometric model: Does it make sense?.

2 Classes Online

All classes will be conducted online through Canvas. Videos of lectures will be posted before the beginning of each class session along with the appropriate PowerPoint slides and software lessons.  You will need a PDF reader to access the PowerPoint slides (they are obviously in PDF  format).   Exams will be conducted online.   These will also be in  PDF  format. Recommendation:  download and install the Adobe Acrobat Reader (if you do not already have it) available for free here.

All assignments will be submitted online through Canvas’ Modules. There will be a deadline time set for each assignment. An assignment must be submitted by that deadline, otherwise Canvas will block you from submitting it and I will NOT override this.  There are No Exceptions No Excuses for missing a deadline.

3 What the Course Is and Is Not

This is not a math or statistics course per se.  It is an economics course.  It is somewhat of a hands-on course in the sense that you will be given lab assignments and asked to do calculations.

4 Prerequisites and Background

Please note the following prerequisites. . .

4.1 Course

The prerequisites listed in the course description are. . .

1.  220:102 & 103

2. 640:135 & 960:211 or 285 or equivalent

4.2 Math/Statistics Requirement

Econometrics is a subset of statistics which is a subset of mathematics. Consequently, there is no way this course can be taught without the use of math.  The math, however, is at the algebra level with the use of some elementary calculus.  An Appendix in the textbook contains an excellent review of the essential math you will need for this course. Please review this material within the rst week of the semester.

4.3 What You Should Know

Since econometrics is a subset of statistics, you should already understand the basics of statistical methods and theory including. . .

1. elementary probability theory;

2. elementary distributions such as the normal and t distributions;

3. hypothesis testing and confidence intervals.

Several Appendices in the textbook review the essential statistical material you will need for this course. Please plan to spend the first several weeks reviewing these Appendices.

4.4 Background Reviews

Ample review, however, is given so that you will not be disadvantaged if you do not have a good background in these topics.  New topics usually not introduced in a one-semester statistics course are reviewed as necessary.

5 Textbook

The textbook is:

Principles of Econometrics

5th  Edition

Hill et al.

Publisher: J. Wiley & Sons

ISBN: 978-1-118-45227-1 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-119-32094-4 (eBook)

The book is available at Amazon.

5.1 Workbook

There is no workbook.

5.2 Book Notation

Please be aware that there are notation differences between my lectures and the book. You are expected to identify these and make the necessary translations. This is your responsibil- ity.

5.3 Textbook Reading Assignments

You will be told the textbook reading assignments as we progress through the lectures. For the most part, we will cover as much of the textbook as possible. You are expected to read these assignments and be prepared for class discussions.

6 Lecture Notes Online

I am against putting lecture notes online. However, as a courtesy, notes will be made available on Canvas.

7 Calculators

You will be asked to do numerical calculations. So, you will need a calculator with the usual functions.

8 Labs and Software

An important part of learning econometrics is applying it to a set of problems in a lab using an econometric software package.

8.1 Software

The software we will use this semester is Python run through Jupyter notebooks. A conve- nient interface to Jupyter is Anaconda which is freely available online at

https://www.anaconda.com/download/

Download and install the version appropriate for your computer. Once Anaconda is installed, you can launch Jupyter through the interface.

NOTE: There are two versions of Jupyter available through Anaconda: Jupyter and Jupyter- Lab. JupyterLab is the next version of Jupyter so it is a beta version at this time. It works well but it does not yet have all the formatting features I need for this course. We will not use JupyterLab.

8.2 Jupyter Notebooks

The Jupyter paradigm is a notebook much like a lab notebook in the so-called hard sci- ences.” The advantage of a notebook paradigm is that all analyses and documentation are in one location. As noted by Dataquest1:

”The Jupyter Notebook is an incredibly powerful tool for interactively develop- ing and presenting data science projects. A notebook integrates code and its output into a single document that combines visualisations, narrative text, mathematical equations, and other rich media.  The intuitive workflow promotes iterative and rapid development, making notebooks an increasingly popular choice at the heart of contemporary data science, analysis, and increasingly science at large. ”

8.3 Software Lessons

A comprehensive set of lessons in Jupyter notebooks will be made available on Canvas. The lessons will be discussed in class so you will have all the instructions you will need for this course.

8.4 Labs

There are approximately seven (7) lab sessions in which you will be asked to solve problems using Python through Jupyter notebooks.  The labs are designed to familiarize you with software so you can apply the techniques learned in the course to real data.  You will be asked to. . .

1. enter data or retrieve data from the web (i.e., web scraping);

2. graph data and some key measures;

3. calculate and interpret descriptive statistics;

4. specify and estimate an econometric model with associated statistical hypotheses;

5. interpret estimation diagnostics;

6. determine if a statistical problem exists with the estimates;

7. apply appropriate corrections to estimated models;

8. write an interpretation of the results and answer several questions.

You are expected to write comprehensive answers to all questions. Simple one-word answers will not suffice.

8.5 Lab Notebooks

Lab notebooks will be made available on Canvas.  These notebooks will guide you through each lab assignment.

Lab assignments will NOT be submitted for a grade.

8.6 Lab Assignment Quiz

There will be a brief quiz following each lab assignment to check that you did the assignment and to check your understanding of the material.  The lab quizzes will be made available online through Canvas.

9 Exams and Module Quizzes

There will be three (3) exams: two (2) hourly exams and a nal. An hourly exam does not mean it is one hour!!! This is just a historic name for an exam in keeping with a ”class hour.”

You will be given 80 minute for each hourly exam and three hours for the nal. No Exceptions No Excuses.

In addition to the exams, there will be a series of brief module quizzes to check your un- derstanding of the lecture material in a module.  The quizzes will be administered online through Canvas. Details will be announced when the rst quiz is made available.

You will be given 15 minute for each quiz. No Exceptions No Excuses.

9.1 Hourly Exam Schedule

Hourly exam dates will be announced one week before the exam.

9.2 Hourly Exam Location

Exams will be given online through Canvas.

9.3 Final Exam Schedule

The final is on the last class day.

9.4 Final Exam Location

The final exam will be given online through Canvas.

9.5 Comprehensiveness

The three (3) exams are comprehensive and will focus on grand themes and issues.  They are meant to synthesize the material.  The two (2) hourly exams explicitly cover only the material in the reading assignments and covered in class since the last exam. In this sense, these two (2) exams are not cumulative.  They are cumulative, however, in that you are expected to know and understand previously covered material and be able to handle new material. The material builds.

9.6 Cumulative Final

The final exam is cumulative.

9.7 Exam Content

All three (3) exams will consist of. . .

1. questions on. . .

concepts

❼ definitions

❼ formulas

2. derivations

3. calculations (you must have a calculator)

4. short explanations/interpretations.

9.8 Makeup Exams

There are no makeups for missed exams due to tardiness or being absent. No Exceptions – No Excuses. A make-up exam is allowed only after prior permission is granted to miss that exam or there is a note from the Dean of Students or perhaps (for SAS students) a School of Arts and Sciences advisor, and appropriate documentation (e.g., medical, court order). It is your responsibility to notify one of the previously mentioned of a medical or personal problem (e.g., death in the family) resulting in a missed exam.  Excuses are not accepted; only proper documentation will be accepted.  A make-up exam is not necessarily the same as the regular exam.

10 Grades

All exams, quizzes, and labs have points.

10.1 Points

The two (2) hourly exams typically have 70 points each while the nal has 100 points (it’s longer because it’s cumulative). The lab quizzes are typically 20 points each while the module quizzes are typically 25 points each.

10.2 Weights

Grades are determined on a points-earned basis with the following importance weights. . .

Grade Basis Weight

Exam 1                   20%

Exam 2                   20%

Final Exam            30%

Module Quizzes      15%

Lab Quizzes 15%

10.3 Curves

A straight curve no other curve is used. . .

Range

Grade

90% to 100%

A

88% to less than 90%

B+

80% to less than 88%

B

78% to less than 80%

C+

70% to less than 78%

C

60% to less than 70%

D

Less than 60%

F

Please do not ask for a grade change at the end of the course.  There may be some of you who are a fraction of a percentage away from receiving the next highest grade.   This is unfortunate, but the line must be drawn somewhere.

11 Appeals

Students occasionally feel that a grade is too low.  In such a case, an appeal consisting of one (1) double spaced, typed page plus a copy of the exam or paper with my comments on it may be submitted at any time up to and including the nal exam, but not beyond.

11.1 Appeal Content

The appeal should contain an argument as to why a particular grade should be changed. Not all appeals are accepted. An appeal that says, for instance, ”But I studied hard or I worked all semester and just got a C - I deserve better or You graded me unfairly” is not acceptable.

11.2 Appeal Reviews

Appeals are reviewed only at the end of the semester and only when it is believed that a grade may be changed. Do not ask if I reviewed an appeal at any point in the semester - the answer is No” . Appeals are only reviewed at the end of the semester in borderline cases.

11.3 Submitting Appeals

Appeals can be submitted anytime up to and including the time you submit your nal exam. You cannot submit any more appeals once you submit the nal exam.

11.4 What You Cannot Appeal

You cannot appeal the following:

the final exam (that’s because it’s final)

❼ the course grade (the semester is over).

12 Final Course Grades

Final course grades will be available in the usual way.

PLEASE NOTE:

I am prohibited by law from sending any grade information through

email or text messaging outside of Rutgers. Only your Rutgers email

address is allowed.

13 Extra Credit

There is no extra credit under any circumstance.

14 Departmental Major Requirement

The Economics Department adopted a change in the requirements for an economics major; students now MUST have a C or better in Econometrics 322 to complete the major.

15 Attendance Policy

If you expect to miss some work because of illness or a family emergency, please use the University absence reporting website to indicate the date and reason for your excuse.  An email is automatically sent to me.

Using the Absence Reporting system does not excuse you from doing your work.  It just informs me that you will be unable to do it but you are not excused.  You must still produce documentation if you miss an exam or quiz.  This is clearly noted on the Rutgers website

”Please note:  it is up to your instructors to  determine how to handle your absence from classes,  labs,  or exams.   Reporting your absence  does not excuse”  you.   It notifies your instructors, a courtesy that provides an opportunity for you to contact your instructor directly about missed work. In addition to reporting your absence here, we encourage you to contact your instructors directly. ”

You must let me know at least one week ahead of time regarding a religious holiday conflict with an exam or an assignment.

15.1 General Rutgers Policies

University religious holiday policy is here.

University attendance policy is here.

15.2 Exceptions

There are none.

16 University Code of Student Conduct Summary

A university in a free society must be devoted to the pursuit of truth and knowledge through reason and open communication among its members.  Its rules should be conceived for the purpose of furthering and protecting the rights of all members of the university community in achieving these ends.

All members of the Rutgers University community are expected to behave in an ethical and moral fashion, respecting the human dignity of all members of the community and resisting behavior that may cause danger or harm to others through violence, theft, or bigotry.  All members of the Rutgers University community are expected to adhere to the civil and criminal laws of the local community, state, and nation, and to r