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CRJS 3020 – Criminal Justice Statistics

Please provide answers to the following questions (as with the midterm, please use this sheet), computations in Excel should also be included by uploading to Canvas. Please include your name above.

1. Please list and explain the principles of the normal curve:

2.  True or False (list one): In a skewed distribution, the mean, median and mode are different.

3. Please define kurtosis and list the main types.

4. What do we mean when we say that the relationship between two given variables is probabilistic?

5. Please provide a brief definition of Type I and Type II errors. (ex. A Type I error occurs when…)

6. What are the three criteria of causality? Explain.

7. Please describe the main elements of the classical experiment and identify how and why it covers the three criteria of causality.

8. What are the levels of measurement? Please provide two examples for each level. Anything else about levels of measurement that we should know?

Final Exam Computations

For each of the following questions, please state the research question, identify the independent and dependent variables, identify the proper test to be used and briefly state why, state the null and alternative hypotheses (if appropriate), test them, provide an analysis and discussion. All tests should be conducted at the (p < .05) level. Please also include a properly formatted APA table. All critical values used to assess statistical significance can be accessed either in your text or via Canvas.

9. Studies have shown that criminal defendants who are represented by private defense council receive significantly lower sentences than those defendants who utilize public defenders. Ten groups of offenders represented by private council and ten groups of offenders represented by public defense lawyers were tracked and the groups’ sentencing rates were reported. Below is a table of the sentencing rate per group (in years). Apply the appropriate hypothesis test to the following data. Provide an overview of the research question and technique to be used.

10. New mutant students at the Xavier Institute for Higher Learning are given a psychological test regarding their behavioral expectations, called Behavior Effects Expectations and Results (BEER). The Beer assessment is computed on a 30 point scale, higher scores indicate increased levels of false expectations, as compared to reality. The Beer tool is used to determine what type of intervention may be best for the new students. In particular, it is the primary tool used by Professor X and advisors to aid in placing each student into one of four intervention options (i.e., Extreme, Full, Moderate, and Lite). Students that fall into the lowest 25% are considered the lowest risk and are given Lite-intervention service or self-instructed reading and meditation, the next 25% are considered low-moderate and are placed in Moderate intervention or once a week guided group processing and individual reflection, those that are in the middle-upper 25% are considered high risk and are given Full intervention which includes one-on-one intervention, and those who are in the upper 25% are considered Extreme risk and are placed in an alternate facility, trained by upper-level mutants, including intensive one-on-one intervention. Compute the mean, standard deviation, z-score, area under the normal curve (AUC) listed in the z-score table and the percent ranking for each student. List the student numbers that will fall into each risk/treatment level. Discuss your findings.

11. Research has shown that peer delinquent activity is correlated to a below average (C) Grade Point Average (GPA). Furthermore, researchers claim that by both validating this pattern and identifying delinquent peer networks and individuals can help focus prevention programs on those who need additional educational support. The table below presents the self-reported peer delinquent activity (coded yes/no) and GPA status of 34 high school sophomores. State your question. Create a null and alternative hypothesis to test this research question. Apply the appropriate bivariate hypothesis test to the following data. Provide an overview of the research question and technique to be used. Interpret and discuss your results.

12. Recently the Seattle Parks and Recreation Department, in partnership with the Seattle Police Department and Local Courts, have made attempts to decrease low level crime in two key downtown parks, where they have collected data, as well as in one additional park they did not focus on. They are curious to see whether their efforts are working. In order to test their efforts, they have designed a study that will measure “good days” (measured by the lack of presence of low-level criminal offenses like urinating in public, disorderly conduct, and drug sales per day) at each of the three parks during a 12 month follow-up study period. The table below presents the number of good days per park for the study period. Where there any differences in the number of “good days” between the parks? Apply the appropriate hypothesis test to the following data. Provide an overview of the research question and technique to be used. Interpret and discuss your results.