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Economics 116A

Winter 2023

Homework # 7

Write your answers to the following questions on separate sheets of paper. Include your full name and your discussion section meeting day, W or Th. Your answers are due Tuesday, March 14, by the end of lecture (4:50pm). Please bring your answers to class or upload them to Canvas in advance. Late homework is not accepted.  For full credit, please your work.

1.   Consider the following game involving a banker, an entrepreneur and Nature. The banker

moves first, deciding whether to loan the entrepreneur an amount of 1 or not. If the banker

does not make the loan the game ends. The bankers payoff is the loan amount, 1, and the

entrepreneurs payoff is 0. If instead the banker makes the loan, then Nature makes a move

next. With probability p, Nature chooses an honest entrepreneur (H) and with probability 1-p

Nature chooses a dishonest entrepreneur (D).  Following Natures move, the entrepreneur,

who knows his type, decides whether to repay the loan or not and the game then ends. The

payoff to the banker if the entrepreneur chooses to repay is the loan amount plus interest on

the loan at rate r. The payoff to the banker from no repayment by the entrepreneur is 0.  The

payoff to an entrepreneur of type i=H, D from repayment is xi  and the payoff from not

repaying is yi .  Assume that, for an honest entrepreneur, xH   > yH    and for a dishonest

entrepreneur, xD   < yD  .

a.   Write this game out in extensive form including payoffs at all terminal nodes.

b.   What is the minimal interest rate, r, for which it is a subgame perfect equilibrium for the banker to make the loan to the entrepreneur (your answer depends on p). Explain/show your work.

c.   Using your answer to part b, how do changes in p affect the minimal interest rate for which the banker is willing to make a loan?

2.   Darius is a high school student who lives in a tough urban neighborhood. Every day, Darius decides whether he will stay late after school and play basketball with his friends and then   calls his Mom, who decides whether to pick him up from school or ask him to get home       another way – either by taking the bus (if he is not staying late) or by walking home (if he is staying late). Darius likes playing basketball, but most of all wants his Mom to pick him up, and least of all wants to walk home after staying late. For her part, Mom’s best outcome is   when Darius takes the bus home, but most of all she does not want Darius to need to walk    home. The game tree for this strategic interaction is shown below.

 

a.   What are the subgame equilibrium strategies and outcome?

b.   Is it possible for Mom to achieve her best possible outcome (payoff of 4) by credibly declaring a strategic move in the pregame?  If not, why not? If so, what sort of strategic move would Mom use, and how might she phrase her declaration?

3.   Consider the following two-player game involving sequential and simultaneous moves. First, player 1 selects a real number x, which must be greater than zero.  Player 2 observes x. Then, simultaneously and independently, player 1 selects a number, y1  and player 2 selects a number, y2 , at which point the game ends. Suppose that player 1 seeks to maximize his          payoff function which is given by:

 1  = y1y2  + xy1  − y1(2)  − ,

Player 2 also seeks to maximize her payoff function which is given by:  2  = −(y1  − y2)2

a.   Working backward, find the best response functions for the final, simultaneous-move subgame and the Nash equilibrium for that subgame.

b.   Substitute your answer to part a in the expression for 1 , and find player 1’s optimal choice of x. Then summarize the subgame perfect equilibrium for this game (your answers to parts a and b combined).

4.   Consider the following 2 player signaling game where Nature moves first and determines whether the state of the world” is S1 or S2.  Suppose that Nature chooses S1 with probability ½ and S2 with probability ½ and this fact is common knowledge. Next, Player 1  is privately informed of Nature’s choice, but Player 2 is not.  Player 1 has to then choose one of two signals to send to player 2, either @ or #.  Finally, after receiving Player 1’s signal,     Player 2 has to choose an action, A1 or A2. If player 2’s action exactly matches the state, i.e.,

if player 2 chooses action A1 and the state is S1 or if player 2 chooses action A2 and the state is S2, then both player 1 and player 2 earn a payoff of 1 each, otherwise both players earn a   payoff of 0.

a.   Write this game down in extensive form being sure to include any information sets.

b.   What is(are) the Nash equilibrium(ia) of this game? Explain.

c.   If the game were played repeatedly with the same two players, and with Nature          randomly choosing between the two states at the start of every repetition, what would you expect to happen?  Explain. What are the implications ofyour answer for the development and variety of language (or meaning)?

5.   Consider the following 2 player, 3 move stage game:

L

Player 2

M

R

1,1

5,0

0,0

0,5

4,4

0,0

0,0

0,0

3,3

a.   Find the two pure strategy Nash equilibria of this stage game.

b.  Now suppose the two players repeatedly play this simultaneous move stage game exactly twice and this fact is known. Specifically, strategies in the second play of the stage game can condition on first stage histories of play.  Show that a subgame          perfect equilibrium of the twice-repeated game is (M, M) in period 1 and (R, R) in    period 2, i.e., write down strategies by both players that would support this sequence of moves as a subgame perfect equilibrium outcome of the twice- repeated game.